| A | B |
|---|
| Arches | Curved structural elements that span an open space. |
| Beams & Joists | are horizontal members that span a gap between the vertical members. |
| Building Permits | the permit given by local authorities for the construction of a structure. There is a fee for a building permit that also covers the cost of the required inspections. |
| Building Codes | the specific guidelines for building or modifying a structure. The codes specify the types of materials and the methods used to construct the structure. Local authorities develop the building codes. |
| Building Inspections | the local authority inspects the process of construction and authenticates the structure as meeting the local laws and codes. The function and size of the building could have an impact on the overall cost of the building permit and the number of inspections. |
| Civil Structural systems | highways, railroads, bridges, pipelines, public utilities, dams, and water and sewer systems. |
| Columns & Studs | are vertical members used to support the structure. |
| Commercial Structural systems | industrial, educational, institutional, hospitals, and shopping malls. |
| Construction | can be defined as a series of events that use materials, work, processes, and equipment to build a structure on site. |
| Custom manufacturing | (also known as craft production) one product, such as a violin, is made from start to finish by one or a number of very skilled workers. |
| Fixture | a specialty tool that has been designed to assist with an operation. A fixture holds material in place while the material is being processed. |
| Force | is the energy brought to bear on an object. We often refer to the pushing or pulling against an object by using the term force. |
| Foundation | supports the weight of the structure. A foundation has three parts, the earth, the footing, and foundation wall. |
| Manufacturing | is the production of physical goods |
| Substructures | the underlying or support part of the structure. |
| Superstructure | is the usable part of a bridge, house, road, or building that is found above the substructure. |
