| A | B |
|---|
| Omar Khayyam | a Muslim poet, mathematician, and astronomer |
| caliph | a Muslim ruler |
| Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life |
| Muhammad | the prophet and founder of Islam |
| nomads | people with no permanent home, who move from place to place in search of food, water, or pasture |
| caravan | a group of traders traveling together for safety |
| Mecca | an Arabian trading center and Muhammad's birthplace |
| Muslim | a follower of Islam |
| mosque | a Muslim house of worship |
| Quran | the holy book of Islam |
| Constantinople | the capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire |
| Constantine | an emperor of the Roman Empire and founder of Constantinople |
| Justinian | one of the greatest Byzantine emperors |
| Justinian's Code | an organized collection and explanation of Roman laws for use by the Byzantine Empire |
| schism | a split, particularly in a church or religion |
| migration | the movement from one country or region to settle in another |
| Bantu | a large group of central and southern Africans who speak related languages |
| savanna | an area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes |
| Sahara | a huge desert stretching across most of North Africa |
| oral history | accounts of the past that people pass down by word of mouth. |
| clan | a group of families who trace their roots to the same ancestor |
| Mansa Musa | a king of Mali in the 1300s |
| Mali | a rich kingdom of the West African savanna |
| Ghana | the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade |
| Songhai | a powerful kingdom of the West African savanna |
| Ile-lfe | the capital of a kingdom of the West African rain forest |
| Benin | a kingdom of the West African rain forest |
| Kilwa | one of many trading cities on the East African coast |
| Aksum | an important East African center of trade |
| city-state | a city that is also a separate, independent state |
| Swahili | a Bantu language with Arabic words, spoken along the East African coast |
| Great Zimbabwe | a powerful southeast African city |
| Incas | people of a powerful South American empire during the 1400s and 1500s. |
| Andes | a mountain chain of western South America |
| Cuzco | the capital city of the Incan Empire, located in present-day Peru |
| census | an official count of people in a certain place at a certain time |
| quipu | a group of knotted strings used by the Incas to record information |
| terraces | steplike ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming |
| Aztecs | a people who lived in the Valley of Mexico |
| Tenochtitlan | a capital city of the Aztecs |
| Mayas | people who established a great civilization in Middle America |
| slash and burn | a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land |
| maize | corn |
| hieroglyphics | the signs and symbols that made up the Mayan writing system |
| Mound builders | Native American groups who built earthen mounds |
| Anasazi | one of the ancient Native American peoples of the Southwest |
| pueblo | a Native American stone or adobe dwelling, part of a cluster of dwellings built close together |
| kiva | a round room used by the pueblo people for religious ceremonies |
| Great Plains | a mostly flat and grassy region of western North America |
