| A | B |
|---|
| Holy Roman Emperor | title given to Charlemagne by the Pope which made him the protector of Christianity |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks who expanded France into a large kingdom and later became Holy Roman Emperor |
| Vikings | migratory group from Scandinavia who would eventually settle Russia |
| Magyars | migratory group from Asia that settled in Hungary |
| Angles and Saxons | migratory group from continental Europe that settled the British Isles |
| Monastaries | established by the Catholic church they spread christianity the latin alphabet and built schools and hospitals for people in Europe |
| Feudal System | social system of the Middle ages with little social mobility |
| Fiefs | land grants given out by Kings or Nobles in the Feudal system in exchange for military support or labor |
| serfs | lowest class of people in the Feudal system who worked Nobles' land in exchange for protection |
| William the Conquerer | man who conquered England and united expanded it into a large kingdom |
| Henry II | king responsible for creating the jury system and common law in England |
| John I | English King who signed the Magna Carta |
| Hugh Capet | French king who expanded his kingdom out of Paris and saw his dynasty expand over all of France |
| Joan of Arc | French patriot who led France to victories in the 100 years war and insired a sense of French nationalism |
| the 100 years war | series of conflicts between England and France that helped define those countries as Nations |
| The Mongols | Asian group that conquered China, India, Russia, and Arab Lands. Built largest empire Ever. |
| Genghis Khan | famous Mongol Leader |
| Moscow | city that Russia was centered around after Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols |
| Ivan III | Russian leader who defeated the Mongols and took the title of Tsar |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Spanish King and Queen whose marriage united Spain. They defeated the Moors and started the Spanish Inquisition. |
| Spanish Inquisition | attempt by the Spanish to make people become Catholic by force |
| Phillip II | Spanish leader who expanded Spain's power and built the Spanish Armada |
| Spanish Armada | massive Spanish fleet of ships that Spain used to become very powerful |
| The Black Death | terrible disease that cost Europe 1/3 of its population |
| Crusades | series of military expeditions led by Christians in Europe to reconquer the "holy lands" in Jerusalem from the Muslims |
| Pope Urban II | Man whose famous speech helped spark the Crusades |
| Saladin | Turkish leader who reopened Jerusalem to Christians after the 3rd crusade |
| Crusader States | Trade centers established by the crusaders in Syria and Palestine |
| Vikings | migratory group from Scandinavia who would eventually settle Russia |
| The Mongols | Asian group that conquered China, India, Russia, and Arab Lands. Built largest empire Ever. |
| Reconquest | led by Ferdinand and Isabella The reconquering of Spain that drove Muslims out of Spain |
| Tsar | title taken by the Russian kings/emperors |
| Maya | civilization centered in Yucatan peninsula, they created their own writing system and extremely accurate calendars. |
| Aztec | civilization centered in central Mexico, they conquered many surrounding groups forcing them to pay tribute to their king |
| Inca | civilization centered in Andes mountains in South America (Peru), they built an extensive empire and were known for terrace farming |
| Cuzco | Incan capital city |
| Chichen Itza | famous Maya city known for its Pyramid "El Castillo" |
| Tenochtitlan | famous Aztec Capital built on man made islands in middle of a lake |
| Machu Pichu | Famous Incan city used as resort for Incan Emperors |
| Lords | someone who grants a Fief in the feudal system to a lesser noble/vassal |
| Vassal | someone who owes loyalty to a lord in exchange for land |
| Magna Carta | document that limited the power of the English King |
| Trade Items from China | Paper, Compass, Silk, Porcelain, Paper Money |
| Trade Items from India | Cotton, Sugar, Lateen Sail |
| Trade Items from West Africa | Gold and Salt |
| Trade Item from Baltic Sea | Baltic Amber |
| Trade Item from South China Sea | Spices |
| Usury | Making Loans with Interest (allowing this allowed banking to start) |
| Renaissance | The "rebirth" of learning in Northern Italy with a focus on Classical (Greek and Roman) culture |
| Machiavelli | Author of the PRince, argued leaders should do good when possible but evil when necessary |
| Humanism | celebration of the individual worth of people rather than only focusing on religion and the afterlife |
| Petrarch | famous renaissance poet from the Renaissance, father of humanism |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Painter of the Mona Lisa and Last Supper |
| Michelangelo | Created the David, painted the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Erasmus | wrote Priase of Folly, critical of Catholic Church |
| Sir Thomas More | wrote Utopia, description of an impossible perfect society |
| Johannes Gutenberg | inventor of the movable type printing press |
| The Franks | kingdom in western Europe that defeated Muslim invasion and converted many Germanic tribes to Christianity |
| Parish Priests | led individual churches during the middle ages, provided social needs of people |
| Jerusalem | city that was the goal to conquer during most of the Crusades |
