| A | B |
|---|
| Red Scare (1st) | a fear of communism and radicalism after WWI |
| Nativism | a distrust of foreigners (Ex. 1920's Red Scare, Ku Klux Klan, Sacco and Vanzetti |
| Sacco & Vanzetti Trial | a case accusing two Italian immigrants of murder; they were found guilty and hanged although no evidence to truly support claims |
| Quota Acts of 1921 and 1924 | Laws passed by Congress restricting immigration from southern and eastern Europe, but favoring them from northern and western Europe. |
| Harlem Renaissance | African American movement focusing on literature and the arts during the 1930’s |
| Scopes Trial | 1925 trial in Tennessee on the issue of teaching evolution in public schools |
| “Roaring Twenties” | a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards. |
| Flappers | term coined during the 1920s to describe a young woman with a fondness for dancing and brash actions |
| Cause of the Great Depression | The distribution of income was unequal a period in which the economy was at its all time low; caused by overproduction of goods, a growing gap between the rich and poor and the Stock Market Crash of 1929 |
| Dust Bowl | a severe drought on the Great Plains throughout the 1930's that led to starvation and poverty |
| FDR's New Deal | attempt to relieve the Great Depression, but met with challenges from the Supreme Court (laws unconstitutional) President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to help the U.S. out of the Great Depression; consisted of many alphabet soup programs |
| National Recovery Act (NRA) | A part of FDR's New Deal which increased cooperation between business and government in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery. Business that were in compliance with the NRA displayed a Blue Eagle |
| FDR's court-packing scheme | FDR's attempt to increase the number of judges on the Supreme Court to 15; unsuccessful |
| welfare state | a system whereby the government protects the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. |
| Neutrality Acts | a series of actions taken by Congress and President FDR to avoid entrance into World War II |
| “Cash and Carry policy' | a part of the Neutrality Acts that allowed Allied nations to purchase war materials from the United States, but had to pick up on own so we did not risk involvement in the war (Neutrality) |
| Lend-Lease Act | The United States began to loan money to nations (Allies) deemed essential to the safety of democracy (Neutrality) |
| "Arsenal of Democracy" | President FDR's push to assist the Allied nations in WWII by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. |
| Executive Order 9066 (Japanese-American Internment) | Issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the evacuation of all persons (Japanese-Americans) deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland. |
| Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) | Fred Korematsu was deemed "suspect classification" because he was of Japanese descent; the Supreme Court support Japanese relocation during the war; wartime limits |
| USA Patriot Act (2001) | Law is intended to help government agencies detect and prevent possible acts of terrorism, or sponsorship of terrorist groups. |
| "Rosie the Riveter" | Women played a major role on the domestic front during World War II by taking jobs in the defense industry |
| 2nd Great Migration | the migration of more than five million African Americans from the South to the North, Midwest and West. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970. |
| Manhattan Project | the code name for the building of the atomic bombs that would end the war in the Pacific; dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| Nuremberg Trials | The war crimes trials held after WWII in Germany |
| Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) | An assistance program for World War II soldiers funding them for a college education |
| Containment | After WWII, the U.S. foreign policy practice of attempting to restrict the expansion of Soviet influence around the world |
| Truman Doctrine | A U.S. foreign policy, established in 1947 by President Truman, of providing economic and military aid (about $400 million) to countries, initially Greece and Turkey, that were attempting to resist communism |
| Marshall Plan | A Cold War plan used to rebuild European nations after World War II A U.S. plan, initiated by Secretary of State George Marshall and implemented from 1948-1951, to aid (over $13 billion) in the economic recovery of Europe after World War II by offering certain European countries substantial funds |
| NATO | A military alliance formed in 1949 among the United States, Canada, Iceland, and 12 European nations to establish collective security against the Soviet Union |
| 2nd Red Scare | Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that communists had infiltrated the federal government in the 1950s (McCarthyism) |
| Palmer Raids | Attorney General Mitchell A. Palmer set up a special force to conduct raids and arrest suspected "subversives" |
| Alger Hiss case | convicted of having perjured himself in regards to testimony about his alleged involvement in a Soviet spy ring before and during World War II. Hiss served nearly four years in jail, but steadfastly protested his innocence during and after his incarceration. |
| Rosenberg Trial | The controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War |
| National Defense Education Act (1958) | provided funding to improve American schools and to promote postsecondary education specifically in the areas of science and technology. |
| National Defense Highway Act | Authorized by Congress in 1956, a network of highways that connect major cities around the country; all highways are built under the same guidelines, so that each has at least two lanes in each direction, periodic rest areas for travelers, and no traffic lights or railroad crossings |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba, characterized by a willingness to push a dangerous situation to the brink (brinkmanship), or edge, of war rather than give in to an opponent. |
| Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (S.A.L.T.) | the United States and Soviet Union agreed to limit the number of nuclear missiles in their arsenal |
| Brown v. Board of Education | "separate but equal is inherently unequal" |
| Little Rock Nine | President Eisenhower sent in U.S. Army troops to enforce school integration in Arkansas |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | A landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. |
| Voting Rights Act of 1964 | A landmark piece of federal legislation that prohibits racial discrimination in voting (poll taxes, literacy tests). |
| Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" | A set of domestic programs by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. |
| The Feminine Mystique 1963 | A book by Betty Friedan that encouraged the idea of women finding personal fulfillment outside of their traditional roles as housewives. |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | illegally obtained evidence cannot be used against a person in a court of law (expanded individual right guaranteed in the Bill or Rights during Warren Court) |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | right to an attorney even if you cannot afford one (expanded individual right guaranteed in the Bill or Rights during Warren Court) |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | rights of the accused (expanded individual right guaranteed in the Bill or Rights during Warren Court) |
| Silent Spring (1962) by Rachel Carson | Exposed the dangers of pesticides (DDT). This led to DDT coming under much closer government supervision and was eventually banned. |
| Domino theory | The belief that if Vietnam fell to the Communists, the rest of Southeast Asia would fall like "a row of dominoes" |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions | authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia |
| War Powers Act (1973) | Allows Congress to limit the President's use of military forces. The President must tell Congress within 48 hours if he sends armed forces anywhere, and Congress must give approval for them to stay there for more than 90 days. |
| Detente | the relaxation of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and between the United States and China that began under President Nixon |
| Nixon's Watergate Scandal (1972) | A major political scandal, following a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. President Nixon's administration's attempted a cover-up of its involvement. This led to U.S. v. Nixon Supreme Court case (US v Nixon) and resignation of Nixon as President. |
| Equal Rights Amendment (1972) | guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of gender; it seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters |
| Title IX (1972) | no one shall because of sex be denied the benefits of any educational program of activity that receives direct federal aid (school sports) |
| Roe v. Wade | right to privacy; right to choose with limits |
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) | A civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. |
| USA Patriot Act | Law is intended to help government agencies detect and prevent possible acts of terrorism, or sponsorship of terrorist groups. |
