| A | B |
|---|
| What are the two types of sleep? | Slow wave sleep & rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
| Decreased vascular tone and other vegetative functions of the body occur during which type sleep? | Slow wave sleep. |
| Consolidation of dreams does not occur during which type of sleep? | Slow wave sleep. |
| REM sleep is [BLANK]? | Associated with dreaming and active bodily muscle movements |
| A person is more difficult to arouse from [BLANK]? | REM sleep. |
| Transecting the brain stem at the midpons creates a brain whose cortex [BLANK]? | Never goes to sleep. |
| The stimulation of raphe nuclei in the lower half of the pons and in the medulla stimulates the secretion of [BLANK]? | Serotonin. |
| Thee release of what neurohumoral substance can cause sleep? | Serotonin. |
| The EGG of an alert person is characterized by [BLANK]? | Beta Waves (High-frequency) |
| The EGG in the stage of very light sleep shows [BLANK]? | Alpha Waves - “Sleep spindles,” |
| EGG in Stage 4 REM sleep record | Delta waves. |
| Desynchronized sleep is [BLANK]? | REM sleep. |
| A seizure is defined as [BLANK]? | Transient focal or generalized signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. |
| Focal seizures originate within neuronal networks in [BLANK]? | One cerebral hemisphere: |
| Acute symptomatic seizures are [BLANK]? | Provoked seizures. |
| Acute symptomatic seizures [BLANK]? | Do not require long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs. |
| What establishes the diagnosis of epilepsy? | The occurrence of two or more seizures. |
| The risk of developing epilepsy is increased more than 500-fold by a history of [BLANK]? | A military head injury. |
| The risk of developing epilepsy is increased more than 30-fold by a history of [BLANK]? | Severe civilian head injury. |
| Tonic-clonic seizures occur during [BLANK]? | Grand mal epilepsy. |
| Consolidation of dreams happens during what type of sleep? | Slow-Wave Sleep |
| What are the physiologic functions of sleep? | Neural maturation; Facilitation of learning or memory; Cognition; Conservation of metabolic energy; To restore natural balances among the neuronal centers |
| What type of wave is characteristic of stages 2, 3, and 4 of slow-wave sleep? | Theta Waves |
| Alert wakefulness is characterized by [BLANK]? | High-frequency beta waves |
| Quiet wakefulness is usually associated with [BLANK]? | Alpha waves |
| What type of wave is characteristic of stages 4 of slow-wave sleep? | Delta Waves |
| What happens in the first stage of slow-wave sleep? | Voltage becomes very low; “sleep spindles,” bursts of alpha waves that occur periodically |
| What initiates a grand mal attack? | Increased excitability of the abnormal “epileptogenic” circuitry |
| What stops the grand mal attack? | Neuronal fatigue and the action of the inhibitory neurons. |
| What causes 3 to 30 seconds of diminished consciousness with twitch-like contractions of muscles in the head, and blinking of the eyes? | Petit mal epilepsy. |
| The absence syndrome or absence epilepsy is [BLANK]? | Petit mal epilepsy. |
| Scar tissue in the brain may lead to [BLANK]? | Focal epilepsy. |
| Progressive “march” of muscle contractions throughout the opposite side of the body indicates what condition? | Jacksonian epilepsy. |
| Jacksonian epilepsy is [BLANK]? | Focal epilepsy. |
| Short amnesia, abnormal rage, sudden anxiety, or fear; and/or a moment of incoherent speech indicates [BLANK]? | Psychomotor seizure. |
| Status Epilepticus is [BLANK]? | Seizures without resumption of consciousness for 30 minutes. |
| Status Epilepticus is [BLANK]? | A medical emergency. |
| How long before tonic-clonic seizures lead to muscle breakdown and neuronal damage? | 5 minutes. |
| Magnetoencephalography measures the [BLANK]? | Small magnetic fields induced by brain electrical activity and approximates their location using mathematical models. |
| Before surgery, the Magnetoencephalography can [BLANK]? | Localize abnormal spiking waves originating in areas of organic brain disease |
| Loss of GABA and acetylcholine-secreting neurons is associated with abnormal motor patterns and dementia, which indicates [BLANK]? | Huntington’s disease. |
| Delirium and dementia are [BLANK]? | Cognitive disorders with impairment in intellectual functions. |
| Depression due to hypothyroidism is considered [BLANK]? | A secondary psychiatric disorder. |
| Major depressive syndrome is diagnosed based on [BLANK]? | Prominent symptoms/Signs most of the day and nearly every day for a minimum of 2 consecutive weeks. |
| Depression occurs in about ________ people in the United States? | 8 million |
| Depression might be caused by [BLANK]? | Diminished activity of norepinephrine- and serotonin-secreting neurons. |
| Bipolar disorder is characterized by [BLANK]? | Depression with recurrent episodes of idiopathic mania. |
| Bipolar disorder is also known as [BLANK]? | Manic-depressive psychosis. |
| Anxiety disorders lack the __________ seen in other or psychotic disorders? | Cognitive deficits, depressive or manic symptoms, |
| Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by [BLANK]? | Severely traumatic event. |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder may be due to [BLANK]? | Altered striatofrontal systems and role of the serotonergic systems. |
| Agoraphobia is [BLANK]? | Anxiety about or avoidance of places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing. |
| Suicide attempts and verbal threats should always be [BLANK]? | Evaluated carefully and never dismissed as “gestures” or “attention-seeking” behavior. |
| Schizophrenia may be due to [BLANK]? | Possible exaggerated function of part of the dopamine system. |
| The most common type of Schizophrenia is seen in the person who [BLANK]? | hears voices and has delusions of grandeur, intense fear, or other types of feelings that are unreal. |
| Excessive excitement of a group of neurons that secrete dopamine in the behavioral centers of the brain, including in the frontal lobes is one mechanism believed to cause [BLANK]? | Schizophrenia |
| The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is [BLANK]? | The dopamine-secreting neurons in the ventral tegmentum of the mesencephalon, medial and superior to the substantia nigra. |
| What plays an important role in causing dreaming, and rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep)? | The locus ceruleus. |
| Destruction of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is the basic cause of [BLANK]? | Parkinson’s disease. |
| The raphe nuclei controls [BLANK]? | The serotonin system. |
| The raphe nuclei secrets [BLANK]? | Serotonin. |
| The serotonin released in the diencephalon and cerebrum help cause [BLANK]? | Normal sleep. |
| The gigantocellular neurons secret [BLANK]? | Acetylcholine. |
| Activation of the gigantocellular neurons acetylcholine neurons release leads to [BLANK]? | An acutely awake and excited nervous system. |
| The limbic system neuronal circuitry controls [BLANK]? | Emotional, behavioral and motivational drives. |
| The hypothalamic infundibulum controls the secretions of the [BLANK]? | Anterior and posterior pituitary. |
| The hippocampus is responsible for [BLANK]? | Critical decision-making neuronal mechanism. |
| What causes translation of short-term memory into long-term? | Hippocampus. |
| Consolidation of long-term memories of the verbal or symbolic thinking takes place in the [BLANK]? | Hippocampus. |
| The basolateral nuclei of the amygdala play important roles in [BLANK]? | Behavioral activities. |
| Stimulation of other amygdaloid nuclei can give reactions of [BLANK]? | Reward & pleasure. |
| Stimulation the amygdaloid nuclei can cause feelings of [BLANK]? | Rage, escape, punishment, severe pain, and fear. |
| Amygdala stimulation can cause [BLANK]? | Involuntary movements. |
| Bilateral ablation of the Amygdala causes [BLANK]? | Klüver-Bucy Syndrome. |
| Ablation of the anterior temporal cortex also damages the [BLANK]? | Amygdalas |
| Ablation of the posterior orbital frontal cortex causes [BLANK]? | Insomnia associated with intense motor restlessness. |
| Ablation of the anterior cingulate gyri and subcallosal gyri causes [BLANK]? | Release of the rage centers from the prefrontal inhibitory influence. |
| The anterior temporal cortex controls [BLANK]? | The gustatory and olfactory behavioral associations |
| The middle and posterior cingulate cortex coordinates [BLANK]? | Sensorimotor behavioral associations. |
| Dopamine is [BLANK] (via D2 receptors) in the indirect pathway | Inhibitory |
| Dopamine is [BLANK] (via D1 receptors) in the indirect pathway | Excitatory |
| What are focal seizures? | Originate within the neuronal networks limited to one cerebral hemisphere |
| What are generalized seizures? | Rapidly affect extensive neuronal networks on both cerebral hemispheres |
| In Schizophrenia excess [BLANK] is secreted | Dopamine |
