| A | B |
|---|
| Subsistence Farming | Farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family with little left for purchasing manufactured goods |
| Matriarchy | Power inherited through female lines of authority |
| Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. |
| Patriarchy | Males ruled politically and power passed to first male heir |
| Primogeniture | All land was given to the oldest son |
| Pohawtan | An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's confederacy. The colonists innacurately called all of the Indians powhatans. |
| Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. |
| New England tribes--Narragansetts, Wampanoags, Mohegans, Pequots | They all competed for resources and dominance. Europeans exploited tribal rivalries and use Indian groups against one another. |
| Renaissance | movement in Europe in the fourteenth century that nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure (factor in age of exploration) |
| Guilds | artisan trading organizations |
| Price Revolution | a dramatic inflation that was a result of the massive influx of American gold and silver |
| Columbian Exchange | the trading of food products of the Western Hemisphere that were transferred to other continents |
| Caste System | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity or race |
| Crusades | (1095-1204) Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. Helps Spur the Age of Exploration. |
| Mercantilism | a system of state-assisted manufacturing and trade |
| Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. |
| Counter-Reformation | A mostly successful attempt to stop the spread of Protestantism around Europe. The Church did not actually change any reforms in regards to doctrine or practice, yet they did create new orders to convert people to Catholicism. But the most effective way to stop Protestantism was to fight it in war. |
| Encomienda | a Spanish system which allowed the government to "commend" or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them |
| Reconquista | Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. |
| Hiawatha | Iroquois leader who almost created the first North American nation-state in the sixteenth century |
| Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. |
| Pueblo Indians | Indian peoples in the Rio Grande who constructed intricate irrigation systems to wter their cornfields; dwelled in villages of multi-storied, terraced buildings |
| Vasco da Gama | Portugese who finally reached India in 1498 |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian sailor who sailed for Spain seeking an alternate route to Asia in 1492. In 4 different voyages Columbian exhange was started. |
| Hernan Cortez | Spaniard who conquered Aztecs in Mexico 1519-1521; had two interpreters with him |
| Moctezuma | Aztec chieftain who allowed the Spaniards to approach his capital (was conquered) |
| Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered Incas (in Peru) in 1532, adding to Spain's amount of silver |
| Juan Ponce De Leon | Spanish who explored Florida in 1513 and 1521 for gold |
| Hernando de Soto | 1539-1542 Spanish explorer searched for gold in Florida; found Mississippi River |
| Marco Polo | Italian adventurer who returned to Europe in 1295 and told tales of his 20 year trip to China; spurred others to look for a route to the East |
| Francisco Coronado | 1540-1542 Spaniard who traveled from Arizona and New Mexico to Kansas; discovered the Grand Canyon andand enormous herds of buffalo |
| Jacques Cartier | Frenchman who journeyed hundreds of miles up the St. Lawrence River in 1534 |
| John Cabot | (Giovanni Caboto); explored northeastern coast of North America for England in 1497 and 1498 |
| Vasco Nunez Balboa | Spaniard who discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513 on the coast of Panama and claimed for the king all of the coasts which touched the ocean |
| Bartholomeu Dias | Portugese who rounded the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, seeking a water route to Asia |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spaniard who completed the first circumnavigation around the world from 1519 to 1522 |
| Mestizos | people of mixed Indian and European heritage |
| Mound Builders | Indian peoples of the Ohio River valley who sustained some large settlements after the incorporation of corn during the first millenium A.D. |
| Vineland | name for present-day Newfoundland given by the Norse seafarers from Scandinavia; abundant in grapes |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494 dividedthe Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west |
| Juan de Sepulveda | a humanist scholar that argues that history has shown that the Spaniards are a superior civilization and they have a right to rule the natives and if they resist then they should be crushed brutally. Conquest, Colinization, and Evangilize. |
| Enclosure Acts | laws that allowed owners to kick peasants off their lands, fence in their fields, and put sheep to graze there |
| Indentured Servants | people that exchanged their labor and freedom for four or five years in return for their passage across the Atlantic |
