| A | B |
|---|
| hypertrophy | increase in size of individual cells, increasing in size of tissue |
| atrophy | decrease in size of individual cells, decreasing size of tissue |
| plasma membrane | forms outer boundary of cell; thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins |
| ribosomes | may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm; manufacture proteins; often called protein factories |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Network of connecting sacs and canals; carry substances through cytoplasm; rough or smooth;Rough transports proteins; smooth makes chemicals and new membrane |
| Golgi Apparatus | group of flattened sacs near nucleus; collect chemicals in sacs; called the chemical processing center and packaging centers |
| Mitochondria | composed of inner and outer membranes; involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions; often called the power plants of the cell |
| Lysosomes | membranou-walled organelles; contain digestive enzymes; have protective function( eat microbes); called suicide bags |
| centrioles | paired organelles; lie at right angles to each other near the nucleus;function in cell reproduction |
| cilia | fine, hairlike extensions found on free or exposed surfaces of some cells; capable of moving in unison in a wave like fashion |
| flagella | single projections, extending from cell surfaces; much larger than cilia; "tails" of sperm cells only example of flagella in humans |
| nucleus | controls cell because it contains the genetic code; component structures include: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm; nucleolus, and chromatin granules |
| cytoplasm | the jelly-like substance that fills the interior of a cell |
| nuclear envelope | membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
| nucleoplasm | the jelly-like substance that fills the nucleus |
| nucleolus | site where DNA is found in the nucleus |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic code of an organism |
| electrolytes | an ionic form of a metal that can carry an electrical charge. |
| interstitial fluid | a diluted saltwater solution found between cells |
| nuclear pores | are found on the surface of the nuclear envelope through which substances can pass into and out of nucleus. |
| Chromatin | the bumpy threads of network combined with DNA and protein when cells divide. |
| Chromosomes | are dense rodlike bodies that are made of chromatin threads that coil and condense. |
| microvilli | are tiny fingerlike projections that greatly increase the cell's surface area for absorption so that the process occurs more quickly. |
| tight junctions | are adjacent plasma membranes that fuse together tightly like a zipper and are impermeable to substances passing through the extracellular space between cells. |
| Desmosomes | are anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress (such as skin cells) from being pulled apart. Look button like. |
| gap junctions | neighboring cells are connected by connexons, which are hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membranes |
| cytosol | semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements. |
| peroxisomes | are membraneous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances including alcohol and formaldehyde. |
| free radicals | are highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure fo proteins and nucleic acids. |
| cytoskeleton | acts as a cell's "bones and muscles" by furnising an internal framework that determines cells shape, supports other organelles, and provides the machinery needed for intracellular transport and various types of cellular movements. |
| intermediate filaments | are strong stable ropelike structures that help form desosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell. |
| microfilaments | are most involved in cell motility and in providing changes in cell shape. |
| microtubules | are tubelike filaments that determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles. |
| cilia | hairlike cell projections that move substances along the cell surface |
| flagella | are long whiplike projections that are used by cells for locomotion. |
| fibroblast | a type of cell that connects body parts by having an abundant rough ER and large golgi apparatus to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers |
| erythrocyte | (red blood cells) carries oxygen in the bloodstream |
| epithelial cell | is a type of cell that covers and lines body organs has a hexagonal shape makes it look like a honeycomb and allows it to pack together in sheets-have an abundant supply of intermediate filaments that resist tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled. |
| skeletal and smooth muscle cell | are elongated and filled with abundant contractile filaments so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones or change the size of internal organs. |
| fat cell | a cell that stores nutrients has a very large spherical shape produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm. |
| macrophage | a cell that fights disease it is a phagocytic cell that has long pseudopods(false feet) to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites. The many lysosomes within the cell digest the infectious microorganisms it takes up. |
| neuron | a nerve cell that has long processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body. The processes are covered with an extensive plasma membrane and a plentiful rough ER to synthesize membrane components |
| Oocyte | a female sex cell the largest cell in the body; it contains many copies of all organelles, for distribution to the daughter cells that arise when the fertilized egg divides to become an embryo |
| sperm | a male sex cell; this cell is long and streamlined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization. Its flagellum acts as a motile whip to propel the sperm. |
