| A | B |
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| cell theory | states thatall living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things and living cells come only from other living cells |
| organelles | tiny cell structure |
| cells | the baisc units of structure and function of living things |
| Robert Hooke | 1665; looked at a thin piece of cork, through a compound microscope, observed tiny roomlike structures; first to use the word "cell"; cells that he saw were not alive; saw the outer walls of dead plant cells |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | 1665; Dutch;used a simple microscope to examine his own plaque from his teeth; observed living cells; called them "animalcules" now known as bacteria |
| Mathias Schleiden | German botanist; viewed diff. types of plant parts; proposed that all plants are made up of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | German zoologist; made same observations as Mathias Schleiden, onlly using animal cells |
| Rudolph Virchow | German physician; discovered that all living cells come from other living cells. |
| five functions in a cell | storing and releasing energy, building and repairing cell parts, getting rid of wastes materials, responding to the environment and reproducing |
| cell wall | made of cellulose; strong and stiff, but allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain dissolved materials to pass through; found only in plants;gives protection and supportos the plant can grow tall |
| cellulose | a nonliving material; a long chain of sugar molecules that the cell manufactures |
| cell membrane | found in both plant and animal cells; thin and flexible; surrounds the cell and just inside the cell wall ( in a plant cell ) allows the cell to change shape under pressure;keeps the protoplasm of the cell seperated from the outside environment; it helpscontrol the movement of materials into and out of the cell;food, oxygen, etc. come inthrough teh openings in the cell membrane; harmful waste products exit through the cell membrane |
| protoplasm | a term used to describe all the living materials in a cell |
| homeostasis | the ability of a cell to maintain a stable internal environment |
| nucleus | control center of the cell;" brain"; controls all cell activites; |
| nucleic acids | large complex molecules that are found in the nucles; store the info that helps a cell make the substances it needs;two types |
| DNA | a nucleic acid;stores the info needed to build protein; carries " messages" about an organism that are passed onto its offspring |
| proteins | used to build and repair cells |
| RNA | nucleic acid; " reads" the DNA messages and guides the protein-making process; the protein-building instructions leave the nucles through a nuclear pore |
| nuclear membrane | seperates teh nucles from the rest of the nucles;similar to cel membrane; |
| chromosomes | large, irregular mass of thin threads that take up most of the space in the nucles;delicate; made up of DNA; direct the activities of the cell pass on the traits fo the cell to new cells |
| nucleolus | small dense object; made up of RNA and protein; makes some of the cell's RNA; |
| cytoplasm | clear thick fluid; constantly moving;term for all the protoplasm living material outside the nucleus |
| chloroplasm | NO SUCH THING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
| endoplasmic reticulum | tubular passageways that leads out from the nuclear membrane;throughout the cytoplasm; invovled in the transportation of proteins |
| ribosomes | grainlike bodies that are attached to the endoplasmis reticulum; made up of mostly RNA; protein-making sites; RNA in ribosomes+ RNA sent out from nucleus= production of proteins; |
| mitochondria | supply most of the energy for the cell; rod-shpaed; "powerhouses";helps with respiration |
| vacuoles | floating in the cytoplasm; plant cells have very large ones; animal cells have smaller ones; like storage tanks; food and other materials needed by the cell are kept in there;can also store waste products; main water storage |
| lysosomes | common in animal cells; digestive activities in cells;cnotian enzymes;ingests whole cells when the cells are injured or dead; |
| chloroplasts | contain chlorphyll, captures teh energy of the sunlight,and uses it for food for the plant cells; |
| cholorphyll | a green pigment |
| life processes performed by cells | metabolism, respiration, diffusion, osmosis, reproduction |
| metabolism | the sum of buildin g-up and breaking-down activities that occur in a cell; |
| equation for cell respiration | c6h12o6+ 6 o 2 = 6 co2+ 6 h2o+ ATP |
| respiration | process by whicha cell releases energy from food and water; performed constantly in living things; |
| aerobic respiration | food,is broken down with the help of oxygen; in this action water and carbon dioxide are produced; energy is released; |
| anaerobic respiration | energy is released and ATP is without oxygen |
| diffusion | food molecules enter and leave the cell through openings in the cell membrane; |
| osmosis | water passes through the cell membrane by a special type of diffusion |
| reproduction | the process by which living things give rise to the same type of living thing;new cell is called the daughter cell |
| mitosis | the division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm and the duplication of the chromsomes; prophase meatphase, anaphase and telophase; interphase in the period between one mitosis and the next; |
| 5 basic levels of organization | 1st : cells, 2nd: tissues, 3rd:organs, 4th: organ systems, 5th: organisms |
| tissues | cells that are similar structure and function are joined together |
| xylem | conducts water and dissolved minerals up through the stem of the leaf |
| phloem | brings food made in the leaves back down to the stems and roots |
| organ systems | a group of organs that work together to perform certain functions |
| organism | an entire living thing that carries out all the basic life functions |
| division of labor | divsion of the work among the different parts of an organism's body that keeps keeps an organism alive |
