| A | B |
|---|
| organic compounds | produced by living things - all contain carbon |
| carbon | present in some inorganic compounds (less complex - CO, CO2) |
| biosynthesis | building of organic molecules by living organisms |
| There are four types of ______________ | macromolecules |
| carbohydrates | made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen ratio |
| examples of carbohydrates | sugars, starches and celluloses (found in most plant cells) |
| exist | monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysacchardies |
| monosacchardies | simple sugars (1 to 2 ratio)...C6, H12, O6 (glucose, frucotse, and galactose |
| glucose | green plants - main source of energy |
| fructose | fruits - sweetest |
| galactose | milk |
| All 3 simple sugars have 6 carbon atoms ____________ | C6, H12, O6 |
| Isomers | compounds that differ in structure but not in molecular composition |
| Disaccharides | combination of 2 molecules of simple sugars (C12, H22, O11) one molecule of H2O is given off |
| 2 (C6, H12, O6) = | C12, H22, O11, H2O |
| Glucose and fructose = | sucrose (table sugar) |
| lactose | milk sugar - glucose and galactose |
| polysaccharides | joining 3 or more monosaccharides |
| glycogen | animal starch 100's of glucose molecules |
| glycogen is produced & stored | in the liver and muscles (when extra full, liver converts glycogen to glucose) |
| plant starches have 2 forms | lightly branched chains and long straight chains |
| cellulose | 1000's of glucose monamers |
| monamers | long straight chains - fibrous structure in plant cell walls - support |
| animals use carbs __________ | for food...molecular are broken apart to form simple sugars H2O must be added |
| Hydrolysis | breaks carbs apart |
| lipids | nonpolar molecules |
| lipids (non polar molecules) | do not dissolve in H2O - higher ratio of C and H atoms to O than carbs (stores energy more efficiently) |
| C-H bonds store more energy than _________ | C-O bonds |
| fatty acids | monamers of most lipids (a long straight hydrocarbon chain with a carbonyl COOH group attached to one end |
| 2 ends have contrasting properties | carboxyl end (in polar) hydrophilia "water loving" attraction to H2O |
| hydrocarbon end is _____ | non polar - tends to repel H2O |
| hydrophobia is _________ | water leaving |
| saturated fatty acid example | palmatic acid (each C is bonded to 4 atoms. C atoms are "saturated" |
| unsaturated fatty acids example | linoleic acid C atoms are not bonded to maximum number atoms |
| 3 classes of lipoids are | based on structure |
| triglycerides | 3 molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule: glycerol |
| saturated | high melting point - solid at room temperature (shortening and animal fat) |
| unsaturated | liquid at room temperature (plant seeds and fruits) |
| phosphalipids | 2 fatty acids joined by glyceral molecule 0 cell membrane 2 layers - joins a barrier between inside and outside of cell |
| waxes | long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain - highly waterproof (plants - protective coating on outer surface ...animals, earwax) |
| steroids | 4 carbon wings, various functional groups attached - lipid - do not dissolve in H2O |
| animal hormones | testosterone |
| cholesterol | needed for nerve cells and other cell functions |
| cholesterol is found in _________- | venom and plant poisons |
| proteins | skin and muscles C, H, O, N amino acids, 20 monamers - same basic structure |
| Central carbon atom _______ | 4 available bonds |
| 1st bond | attach H |
| 2nd bond | amino group NH2 |
| 3rd bond | acid or carboxyl group |
| 4th bond | R group (this identifier - makes amino acids different from each other - different shapes |
| amino acids | join - condensation reaction |
| peptide bond | a C-N bond that links amino acids |
| dipeptide molecule | 2 amino acids bond |
| polypeptide | 3 or more amino acids |
| protein | 2 or more polypeptides |
| protein shape | influenced by conditions, temperature, pH and type of solvent |
| enzymes | proteins - catalyst - essential for functioning of cell |
| catalyst | increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being affected themselves |
| a catalysts' shape __________ | allows them to hook up with a specific molecule |
| substrate | reactant that is catalyzed by enzyme link between substrate and enzyme (weakens bonds) and lowers activation level - enzyme releases products |
