| A | B |
|---|
| Scientific Method | Organized way that scientists solve problems |
| Hypothesis | “educated” guess, or one which occurs after researching |
| Variable | Factor being tested |
| Control | Experiment without variable (used to compare data) |
| Observations | what happened during the experiment that was seen, smelled, tasted, felt, or heard |
| Data | recorded measurements of changes that occurred during the experiment |
| Data tables | charts the represent data neatly and clearly |
| Graphs | bar graph, line graph, pie graph, or whatever kind of graph would properly represent the data |
| Theory | Most logical explanation about events that occur in nature. It has been tested repeatedly |
| Law | When a theory holds up after a long time |
| Spontaneous Generation/Abiogenesis | Life forms can arise spontaneously from non-living matter |
| Biogenesis | Living things can only come from other living things |
| Cells | smallest units of an organism that can be considered alive |
| Unicellular | made of one cell |
| Multicellular | made of many cells |
| Reproduction | production of new organisms |
| Sexual Reproduction | reproduction with two parents |
| Asexual Reproduction | reproduction with only one parent |
| Autotrophs | get their energy from the sun and make their own food |
| Heterotrophs | get their energy from their food |
| Homeostasis | process of keeping internal conditions stable |
| Monosaccharide | monomer of a carbohydrate |
| Disaccahride | two monomers of a carbohydrate bonded together |
| Polysaccharide | polymer of a carbohydrate |
| Amino acid | monomer of a protein |
| Polypeptide | polymer of a protein |
| Benedicts Test | used to detect simple carbohydrates (sugars) |
| Iodine test | used to detect complex carbohydrates (starches) |
| Hydrophobic | water fearing |
| Hydrophilic | water loving |
| Phospholipid bilayer | main structure of our cell membrane |
| Biuret Test | Test used to detect proteins |
| Enzymes | Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| Ecology | scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment |
| Biosphere | Includes land, water, and atmosphere |
| Species | Group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring |
| Population | Groups of individuals that belong to the same species |
| Community | Groups of different populations of different species that live together in a defined area |
| Ecosystem | Collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place |
| Biome | A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities |
| Producers | Organisms that can capture energy from sunlight and use that energy to produce food |
| Photosynthesis | Process in which autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into food oxygen |
| Consumers | Organisms that cannot harness energy directly from the environment |
| Herbivores | Consumers that only eat plants |
| Carnivores | Consumers that only eat meat |
| Omnivores | Consumers that eat both plants and meat |
| Decomposers | break down organic matter |
| Food Chain | series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
| Food Web | network of complex interactions that shows the feeding relationship among the various organisms in an ecosystem |
| Trophic Level | Each step in a food chain or food web |
| Symbiosis | 2 species living in a close long term relationship |
| Parasitism | one specie lives in or on another specie and harms it |
| Mutualism | both species are benefitted |
| Predation | one specie consumes the other |
| Phospholipid bilayer | made of two layers of phospholipids |
| Passive transport | transport of substances through the membrane without using energy |
| diffusion | movement of solute |
| osmosis | movement of water |
| Active transport | Transport that requires energy |
| Endocytosis | brings big things in to cell |
| Exocytosis | takes big things out of cell |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly like structure found in the cell that holds organelles |
| Nuclear Membrane | double membrane around nucleus |
| Nucleolus | Center of nucleus |
| Vacuole/Vesicle | storage of food or waste or water |
| Ribosome | Organelle that make proteins |
| Mitochondria | Organelle that produces ATP for the cell |
| ATP | form of energy found in cells |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Both smooth and rough (used to transport proteins through cell) |
| Golgi Apparatus | package molecules to be moved to other parts of the cell |
| Lysosome | help the cell digest large molecules so it can use them |
| Cytoskeleton | organelle that help the cell in movement |
| Cilia | small hair like structures made of microtubules |
| flagella | long, tail like structures made of microtubules |
| Cell wall | Only found in plant cells that surrounds cell membrane |
| Chloroplasts | Organelle responsible for making food from sunlight |
| Robert Hooke | found that the interior of cork is made of an ordered collection of little boxes that he called cells |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoek | first person to view living cells under a microscope |
| Cell Theory | 3 part theory that explains how cells are made and where they come from |
| Prokaryotic cells | bacterial cells (no nucleus) |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Cells that contain membrane bound oragenelles including a nucleus |
| Isotonic | When a solution is in equilibrium |
| Hypertonic | When an area has a higher concentration |
| Hypotonic | When an area has a lower concentration |
| Semi-Permeable Membrane | membrane that allows some molecules to pass but blocks other molecules |
| Concentration Gradient | difference in the concentration of a substance across a membrane |
| Solute | dissolved substance |
| Tissue | group of cells that are similar and work together |
| Organ | group of different tissues that work together |
| Organ System | group of organs that work together to perform specific connected tasks |
| Organism | group of organ systems |
| Stoma | openings on the bottoms of leaves |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic process of breaking down food into CO2 |
| Lactic acid fermentation | Fermentation process that produces lactic acid (found in muscles) |
| Mitosis | when the cell divides into 2 identical cells |
| Cytokinesis | when the cytoplasm divides into 2 cells |
| Diploid | When chromosomes are in pairs |
| Haploid | One set of chromosomes only (half) |
| Somatic cell | Body cells |
| Gamete cell | sex cells (egg and sperm) |
| Meiosis | Formation of 4 haploid/sex cells |
| Gregor Mendel | "father" of genetics |
| Trait | characteristic of an organism |
| Heredity | study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring |
| True breeding | have offspring that always show the same form of the trait |
| Cross fertilization | process in which one plant fertilizes the egg in a flower of a different plant |
| Pollen | the male plant gamete |
| Hybrids | the offspring of two different true breeding plants |
| Monohybrid cross | cross between two organisms that differ in only one trait |
| Dihybrid cross | cross between two organisms that differ in 2 traits |
| Gene | factor that controls traits |
| Allele | possibilities of a gene |
| Simple dominance | one allele is dominant to a recessive allele |
| Dominant | allele that masks any other allele |
| Recessive | allele that is masked by another allele |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait |
| Homozygous dominant | having two dominant alleles for a trait (AA) |
| Homozygous recessive | having two recessive alleles for a trait (aa) |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles for a trait (Aa) |
| Phenotype | visible traits of an organism (physical) |
| Genotype | the alleles that an organism carries (genetic makeup) |
| Punnett square | a model used to represent crosses between organisms |
| Frederick Griffith | Injected mice with bacterial strains; concluded transformation of bacteria |
| Oswald Avery | Concluded that DNA stores and transmits the information in a cell |
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins | Took X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA |
| James Watson and Francis Crick | Determined DNA has a double helix structure |
| Deoxyribose | Sugar found in DNA |
| Ribose | Sugar found in RNA |
| Bases found in DNA | Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of a nucleic acid |
| Transcription | making mRNA from DNA |
| Translation | Making protein from mRNA |
| tRNA | Molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosome |
| mRNA | recipe to make proteins |
| rRNA | found in ribosomes |
| Peptide bond | bond that connects 2 amino acids |
| Mutations | Mistakes in the sequence of DNA |
| Taxonomy | classifying organisms and assigning each organism a name |
| Carolus Linnaeus | divided the animal group according to similarities in form |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Each species is assigned a two part scientific name which is always written in italics. The 1st word is always capitalized, the 2nd word is always lower case |
| Eubacteria and Archaea | Unicellular bacteria that may be autotrophic or heterotrophic |
| Protists | Unicellular organisms that are autotrophs or heterotrophs |
| Fungi | Heterotropic organism that may be uni or multicellular |
| Plantae | Multicellular autotrophs that use photosynthesis |
| Animalia | Multicellular heterotrophs |
