| A | B |
|---|
| Christopher Columbus | first European in New World |
| Spain | country that sponsored Columbus |
| Spanish Armada | defeated by English navy in 1588 |
| Jamestown, Virginia | first successful English colony in the New World |
| House of Burgesses | first freely-elected representative body in the colonial world |
| Pilgrims | Separatists who arrived at Plymouth in 1620 |
| Mayflower Compact | first colonial democratic government with full male participation |
| Roger Williams | banished from Massachusettes Bay colony and founded Rhode Island |
| Rhode Island | first colony with religious toleration and separation of church and state |
| Pennsylvania | Quaker colony with religious toleration |
| mercantilism | system where English colonies existed to serve England's economic interests rather than their own |
| Middle Passage | slave journey from Africa to Americas |
| Enlightenment | time of new and revolutionary ideas in Europe |
| John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people possess certain natural rights |
| social contract | what Locke called the agreement between people and their government |
| Great Awakening | a series of revivals in the colonies that led to a sense of democracy and equality among its followers |
| French and Indian War | caused the French to give almost all her territory in N. America to England |
| Articles of Confederation | first attempt at a national government -- joined the colonies in a loose alliance |
| federalism | central and state governments have separate areas of responsibility but some powers overlap |
| supremacy clause | says that federal laws are the supreme law of the land |
| Great Compromise | led to the establishment of a 2 house legislature |
| Three-fifths Compromise | for the purposes of representation and taxation, five slaves would be counted as 3 people |
| Preamble | introduction to the U.S. Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution -- includes basic rights of man |
| first amendment | rights to freedom of religion, speech, press, and peacable assembly |
| second amendment | right to bear arms |
| fourth amendment | protection from unreasonable search and seizure |
| sixth amendment | rights of people accused of crimes |
| Louisiana Purchase | more than doubled the size of the U.S. |
| slavery and tariffs | issues that led to sectionalism in the U.S. |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief that it was the right and duty of the U.S. to expand west to the Pacific Ocean |
| Mexican-American War | caused by the annexation of Texas as a U.S. state |
| Oregon Territory | gained through negotiations with Great Britain |
| Utah | founded by Mormons |
| California | grew quickly after gold was discovered in 1848 |
| Underground Railroad | term used for escape routes for slaves to free territory |
| Dred Scott case | Supreme Court said that slaves were not citizens but property |
| popular soverignty | would allow the voters of a territory to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery in the area |
| Abraham Lincoln | elected president in 1860 |
| Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederate States of America |
| Fort Sumter, SC | where the Civil War began |
| Emancipation Proclamation | freed the slaves in the Confederate states |
| Ulysses S. Grant | commander of the Union forces in the Civil War |
| Robert E. Lee | commander of the Confederate forces in the Civil War |
| save the Union | Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War |
| Clara Barton | Civil War nurse who later founded the American Red Cross |
