| A | B |
|---|
| B.C. | Before the birth of Jesus (timeline) for people who are of christian faith |
| B.C.E | Before the birth of Jesus (timeline) for people who are not of christian faith |
| A.D | Anno Domini- The year of our lord, time after Jesus was born for people who are of christian faith |
| C.E. | Common era time after Jesus was born for people who are not of christian faith |
| decade | 10 years |
| century | 100 years |
| millennium | 1000 years |
| Absolute location | precise positioning - latitude and longitude are the best. |
| Relative Location | describing in relation to other, known places such as landmarks and unusual, easily recognizable features. |
| place | those features that give character to a location (a degree of uniqueness). |
| Physical Place | - natural features - what nature provides - climate, land forms, vegetation, etc. |
| Human (cultural) place | features added by humans - distinctive dress, architecture, language, religion, burial practices, agricultural practices, etc. |
| Human/Environment Interaction | Human adaptations to natural conditions.(AND) Changes in natural conditions made by humans. |
| movement | the transfer of material and non material things from place to place. Can be material and non-material. |
| Regions | mental constructs expressing some commonality or uniformity |
| Formal Region | possesses a single common feature or a limited combination of features throughout the area |
| Functional Region | An operational unit based on organization, structure, and interactions |
| Latitude | Lines of latitude are also called parallels. They circle the earth parallel to the Equator. They measure north and south of equator in degrees. |
| Longitude | Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They circle the earth from Pole to Pole. They measure east and west of the starting line, at 0° longitude or the Prime Meridian |
| Hemisphere (Northern/southern) | The equator circles the middle of the Earth. It divides the earth into hemispheres or "half-spheres." North of the equator is the Northern Hemisphere. South of the equator is the Southern Hemisphere. |
| Hemisphere western/eastern) | The Prime Meridian runs from north to south. It divides the earth into half spheres in the other direction. East of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees is the Eastern Hemisphere. West of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees is the Western Hemisphere. |
| Rotation | Earth spinning on its axis |
| Revolution | Earth making a wide circle around the Sun |
| compass | a tool that helps the user know what direction one is headed. |
| cardinal directions | There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. |
| scale | Maps are made to scale; that is, there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance. |
| time zones | The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day. |
| map legends | The legend is the key to unlocking the secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the map. |
| Artifact | Tools, jewelry, and other human-made object |
| Culture | People's unique way of life. |
| Hominid | Humans and other creatures that walk upright. |
| Paleolithic Age | Also know as the "Old Stone Age', lasting from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C. |
| Neolithic Age | Also know as the "New Stone Age", lasting from 8000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. |
| Technology | The way of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet the needs of individuals. |
| Homo sapiens | The species name for modern humans. |
| Nomads | People who wander from place to place, rather than making permanent settlements. |
| Hunter-gatherers | Nomadic groups who hunted animals and collected plant based foods. |
| Neolithic Revolution | Also known as the "agricultural revolution" where humans began to farm. |
| Slash-and-burn farming | The cutting down of trees or grasses, burned in order to clear a field for farming. |
| Domestication | The taming of animals. |
| Civilization | A complex culture with 5 specific characteristics including; advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology |
| Specialization | The development of skills in a specific kind of work |
| Artisans | Skilled workers who make goods by hand. |
| Institution | A long-lasting pattern of organization in a community; examples are government and religion. |
| Scribes | Professional record keepers. |
| Cuneiform | One of the first systems of writing based upon symbols. |
| Bronze Age | Refers to the time period when humans began to use bronze, rather than copper and stone, for tools and weapons. |
| Barter | A method of trading goods and services without money. |
| Ziggaurat | Ancient pyramid-shaped monument. |
| Dynasty | A series of rulers from a single family. |
| Cultural Diffusion | The Spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another. |
| Polytheism | A belief in many gods. |
| Empire | A political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler. |
| Hammurabi | Babylonian ruler who ruled at the Babylonian peak (1792 B.C. - 1750 B.C.) Hammurabi's most enduring legacy is the code of laws he put together. |
| Delta | A marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river. |
| Pharaoh | A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader. |
| Theocracy | A government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure. A government controlled by religious leaders. |
| Pyramid | A massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those that were built in Egypt as burial places for Old Kingdom pharaohs. |
| Mummification | A process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying. |
| Hieroglyphics | An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds. |
| Papyrus | A tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paperlike material for writing on. |
| Subcontinent | A large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent. |
| Monsoon | A wind that shifts in direction at certain times of each year. |
| Harappan Civilization | Another name for the Indus Valley Civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by sophisticated city planning. |
| Loess | A fertile deposit of windblown soil. |
| Oracle Bone | One of the animals bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods. |
| Mandate of Heaven | In Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority. |
| Dynastic Cycle | The historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties. |
| Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. |
| five themes of geography | Movement, region, human interaction with environment, location, place |
| Spice | Social, political, interaction with environment, culture, economics |
| Social | Gender roles Family Racial/ethnic Social class Economic class |
| Political | Forms of gov. Empires Nations Nationalism Revolts Expansion Conflict |
| Interactions with environment | Demography Disease Migration Settlement Technology |
| culture | Interactions Religion Philosophies Ideologies Science Technology Arts |
| economics | Agriculture Production Trade Labor systems Industry |
