| A | B |
|---|
| Solid | a phase of matter that holds its shape and does not flow |
| Liquid | a phase that flows and easily changes shape |
| Gas | a phase of matter that flows and also expands of contracts to fill any container |
| Plasma | highes phase of matter in which the atoms break apart. Conducts electricity---lightning, sun, stars, ... |
| Conduction | the transfer of heat by by the direct contact of particles of matter. Heat conduction cannot occur through a cacuum. Solids make the best conductors because their particles are packed closely together |
| Convection | the transfer of heat by motion of matter, such as by moving air or water |
| Thermal Radiation | electromagnetic waves produced by objects because of their temperature. All the energy the Earth recieves from the Sun comes from thermal radiation. Can travel through a vacuum |
| Thermal Equilibrium | when things are at the same temperature and no heat flows |
| Thermal Insulators | materials that conduct heat poorly such as wood, plastic, and styrofoam |
| Heat | thermal energy that is moving or capable of moving. Another name for thermal energy. Heat flows naturally from warmer objects to cooler ones |
| Thermometer | an instrument that measures temperature |
| Specific Heat | the amount of heat neededto raise the temperature of one kg of material by one degree Celsius |
| Thermal Energy | energy due to temperature. When temperature goes up, the amount of motion increases |
| Absolute Zero | lowest possible temperature, at which energy is as close to zero as it can be. Start of the Kelvin scale |
| Fossil Fuels | the world's dominant energy source, making up 82% of the global energy supply; derived from decayed plants and animals millions of years ago. |
| Farenheit | a temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees |
| Celsius | a temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees |
| Kelvin | temperature scale useful in science because it starts at absolute zero |
| Melting Point | temperature at which melting or freezing occurs |
| Boiling Point | temperature at which boiling or condesation occurs |
| Random Motion | jiggling motion of atoms scattered equally in all directions. Temperature measures the kinetic energy per atom due to random motion |
| Renewable enrgy | often referred to as clean energy, comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished. For example, sunlight or wind keep. shining and blowing, even if their availability depends on time and weather. |
| Jule | metric unit for measureing heat; used to measure all forms of energy |
| Alternative Energy | refers to energy sources other than fossil fuels. This includes all renewable sources and nuclear. |
