| A | B |
|---|
| Article III | establishes the judicial branch of government |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | created federal district courts |
| appeals courts | judiciary level between the district courts and the Supreme Court |
| criminal cases | juries decide whether people have committed crimes |
| civil cases | one party sues another for damages |
| jurisdiction | authority to hear and decide a case |
| exclusive jurisdiction | cases can only be heard in federal courts |
| concurrent jurisdiction | state and federal courts share the right to hear cases |
| district courts | where most federal lawsuits begin |
| original jurisdiction | authority to hear cases for the first time |
| term of a judge | life, "during good behavior" |
| magistrates | issue court orders and hear preliminary evidence |
| US attorney | government's lawyer |
| US marshal | arrests suspects, delivers defendants to court, and serves subpoenas |
| subpoena | order requiring someone to appear in court |
| appellate jurisdiction | appeals courts can only hear cases that have already been tried in district court |
| remand | place (a defendant) on bail or in custody, especially when a trial is adjourned. |
| Highest law of the land | Constitution |
| Judicial Review | the Court can determine the Constitutionality of any federal or state law |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | established the Court's power of Judicial Review |
| John Marshall | Supreme Court Chief Justice who set out the 3 principles of judicial review |
| President | appoints judges to federal courts |
| Senate | must approve appointments to the federal courts |
| 9 | number of judges on the Supreme Court |
| Thurgood Marshall | first African-American to serve on the Supreme Court |
| 5 | number of votes needed to determine the outcome of a case before the Supreme Court |
| majority opinion | written to explain why the Supreme Court decided as it did in a case |
| dissenting opinion | written by a Justice who did not agree with the verdict of the Supreme Court |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | established the "separate, but equal" doctrine |
| Brown v. Board of Ed Topeka (1954) | outlawed "separate, but equal" |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | legalized a woman's right to an abortion under certain circumstances |
| Miranda v. Arizonia (1966) | ruled that police officers must inform suspects of their rights at the time of arrest |
| concurring opinion | when a justice agrees with a majority opinion but for a different reason |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | established that a person has the right for an attorney even if they can't afford one |
| Bush. v. Gore | ruled that FLorida recount of Presidential election votes violated 14th amendment |
| Engel v. Vitale | held that a public school district's practice of starting the day with prayer violates the establishment clause of the first amendment |
| US v. Eichman | struck down the Federal Flag Protection Act. ; held that flag burning is expressive speech |
| Tinker v. Des Moines | ruled that students had the right to freedom of expression ( as provided by the first amendment) when they attempted to wear black arm bands to protest Vietnam War |
| US v. Nixon | ruled that the the President can't use executive privlege to withhold evidence |
| Sandra Day Oconner | First female Supreme Court justice |
| Thurgood Marshall | First black Supreme Court Justice |
| New Jersey v. TLO | Students have a reduced expectation of privacy in school. |
