| A | B |
|---|
| top-down processing | Brain makes use of sensory information already stored |
| bottom-up processing | Make sense of the individual elements to the whole |
| Shape constancy | tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it |
| Dissociation | separation of normally related mental processes(helps explain hypnosis) |
| Light wavelength | distance from one peak to the next- determines hue |
| Light amplitude | Height of the peaks- determines intensity/brightness |
| Grouping | Brings order and form to separate stimuli to create the sum of the parts |
| Phi phenomenon | optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion |
| Figure-ground | Gestalt theory of seeing objects stand out from the background |
| Frequency theory | Pitch related to # of impulses traveling along the auditory nerve |
| Monocular depth clues | Relative Size and Relative Motion |
| Absolute threshold | lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect. |
| Feature detectors | neurons that fire in response to specific features of the stimulus (e.g. edges, angles, etc) |
| Sleep apnea | brief interruptions of breathing during sleep |
| Delta Sleep | Deep sleep stage |
| Sleep spindles | rapid, rhythmic brain waves in Sleep stage 2 |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Provokes a natural response (e.g. puffs of air and bowls of meat) |
| Generalization (in conditioning) | We respond to something similar to the neutral stimulus (but not the same) |
| Classical conditioning | We associate two events (or more) and change behavior because of the associaation |
| Extinction | The conditioned response dies off when the Conditioned stimulus is presented alone (all bell, no meat!) |
| Insight | Sudden flash of understanding, problem solving |
| Shaping | Rewarding successive approximations to the final goal |
| Pavlov | Drooling dogs, classical conditioning |
| Skinner | Rats in mazes, operant conditioning |
| Fixed interval reinforcement | At regular times |
| Discriminative stimulus | a stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced (helps distinguish between stimuli) |
| Social learning | Learning by observation |
| Internal Locus of Control | We have control of our own fate |
| Primary reinforcers | Food, drink, and pleasure (biological) |
| Respondent behavior | Occurs as a reaction to a stimulus (as a neutral stimulus) |
| Spontaneous Recovery | reappearance after rest period of an extinguished response |
| Extrinsic motivation | response to avoid punishment or gain a reward |
| Bandura and the Bobo Doll | Example of observational learning |
| Modeling | How we learn language |
| Negative reinforcement | Behaviors meant to avoid a bad outcome(e.g. avoiding nagging or a headache) |
| Thorndike's law of effect | Rewarded behavior is more likely to continue |
