| A | B |
|---|
| What is the overall theme of immunology? | The challenge of the immune system is to tolerate self molecules, tolerate harmless non-self molecules, respond to dangerous non self molecules |
| What is an allergic reaction? | The response to re-exposure, aka hypersensitivity |
| What are allergens? | Molecules that cause allergy |
| Is the incidence of allergy increasing? | Yes but only in developed countries. |
| What are the 4 common allergens? | 1. Inhaled (pollen) 2. Injected materials (drugs) 3. Ingested materials (peanuts) 4. Contact materials (nickel) |
| What are the 4 types of allergic reactions? | 1. Mast cell degranulation (anaphylactic shock) 2. Creation of new epitopes on cell surface (penicillin) 3. Response to soluble proteins (antibody-antigen cross-linking) 4. CD8 T-cell response |
| Which mechanisms are antibody mediated and which are T cell mediated? | Antibody mediated: mast cell degranulation, creation of new epitopes, antibody response to soluble protein. T cell mediated: CD8 T cell |
| Describe allergic reaction 1 mast cell degranulation | 1. allergen binding to IgE bound mast cells, basophils, eosinophils 2. cells explosively and rapidly degranulate releasing pro inflammatory mediators 3. pollen allergy, anaphylactic shock |
| Describe allergic reaction 2 creation of new epitopes. | 1. small molecule binds to and modified host cell 2. B cell IgG response to modified component on host cell 3. complement activation and phagocytosis causes inflammation and tissue damage |
| 1. small molecule binds to and modified host cell 2. B cell IgG response to modified component on host cell 3. complement activation and phagocytosis causes inflammation and tissue damage | 1. antibody response to soluble protein 2. Immune complexes deposit walls of small blood vessels and lung tissue 3. Inflammation 4. administration of bovine insulin to diabetics. |
| Describe allergic reaction 4 CD8 T cell response | 1. Th1 or CD8 T cell response to modified proteins 2. reopens take a few days to develop 3. poison ivy, metal allergies |
| What is an important immune response against helminths? | IgE-driven degranualtion |
| How have parasitic worms played a role in human evolution? | -their large size makes them resistant to macrophages, antibodies, CTL -the IS developed ways of expulsion from body (sneezing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea) -favored by Th2 responses. |
| What do IL-4 and IL-5 do? | IL-4 is an isotope switch factor for IgE. IL-5 increases eosinophil production in bone marrow |
| Describe statistics for parasitic diseases. | -parasitic infections are endemic in tropics -1.5 billion people infected with helminths -incidence greatly reduced in developed countries -inversely correlates with allergic and autoimmune disesase |
| Where is IgE most present? | Most present bound to high affinity FCER1 on mast cells in tissues. |
| Describe structure of FCER1 and IgE? | FCER1 is tetramer of one binding molecule and 3 signal molecules. IgE is in shrimp structure through CE2 domains which are unique to IgE. High affinity interaction that arms mast cells for binding to antigen |
| How does IgE interact with mast cells during an antibody response? | mast cells soak up IgE and maintain a depot of cell-bound antigen-free IgE. |
| Because of this, mast cells express a variety of ________________ of different specifics. | antigen-specific receptors |
| Is IgG flexible? | Yes which gives it easier access to antigenic determinants. |
