| A | B |
|---|
| polar covalent bond | a bond between atoms with a partial charge |
| water | a polar compound |
| cohesion | molecules that stick to others like them |
| adhesion | molecules that stick to other types of molecules |
| 1-7 | acidic pH |
| 7-14 | basic pH |
| more hydronium ions | an acid |
| more hydroxide ions | a base |
| ionic bonds | bond between two charged atoms (ions) |
| carbohydrates | C plus H2O |
| monosaccharide | glucose |
| polysaccharide in pasta | starch |
| polysaccharide in plant cell walls | cellulose |
| lipids | contain C and H only |
| type of lipid made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids | triglyceride |
| type of lipid made of a glycerol with a phosphate and 2 fatty acids | phopholipid |
| lipid bilayer (membrane) | made of phospholipids |
| proteins | chains of amino acids |
| amino acids | contain NH2 an COOH |
| enzymes | type of protein which decreases the activation energy |
| nucleotides | made of a sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group |
| nucleic acids | made of chains of nucleotides |
| RNA | has a ribose sugar |
| DNA | has a deoxyribose sugar |
| ATP | transfers energy |
| Carbohydrate function | stores energy |
| Lipid function | keeps water in or out |
| steroids | lipid hormones |
| protein type | enzyme |
| water helps maintain homeostasis | because it is slow to lose or gain heat |
| mitochondria | power (energy) station |
| nucleus | stores DNA |
| nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| ribosomes | synthesize proteins |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | packages proteins |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | makes lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | Ships out packaged proteins |
| lysosomes | digest used proteins |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis |
| cell wall | supports a plant--made of cellulose |
| central vacuole | fills with water |
| cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast | only found in plant cells |
| eukaryote | cells with nuclei and other organelles |
| prokaryote | cells without membrane bound organelles or a nucleus |
| prokaryote dna | single loop |
| eukaryote dna | found twisted into chromosomes |
| bacteria | only can be prokaryotes |
| amoeba | single celled eukaryote |
| flagellum | tail on a cell |
| cilia | hairs on a cell |
| diffusion | movement of solutes down a concentration gradient |
| concentration gradient | change in concentration over a distance |
| active transport | uses a pump and ATP |
| passive transport | diffusion; without the need for ATP |
| carrier protein | facilitated diffusion |
| channel protein | permits a polar substance to pass through the membrane |
| carbohydrates on proteins | cellular recognition proteins |
| na+ k+ pump | 3 Na pumped in and 2 K out |
| against a concentration gradient | actuve transport |
| hypertonic | high salt |
| hypotonic | low salt or distilled water |
| isotonic | same concentration in or out |
| equilibrium | stuff comes in at same rate as it goes out; no net change |
| receptor | coupled to a G protein |
| adenylyl cyclase | makes ATP become cAMP |
| cAMP | second messenger |
| epinephrine | signal molecule |
| turns channels on or off, makes DNA start protein synthesis | jobs of cAMP |
| signal transduction | send the message from the signal outside to the inside of the cell |
| cell membrane | lipid bilayer |
| prophase | chromosomes are visible, nucleus is not |
| metaphase | chromosomes move to the middle |
| anaphase | chromatids separate/move to sides |
| telophase | two new nuclei |
| cytokinesis | cell division |
| G1 (Gap1) | cell growth and rest |
| G2 (Gap2) | second cell growth/rest phase |
| S phase | DNA is duplicated |
| Interphase | G1,S, G2 |
| Checkpoints | Cell stops to see if all is ready for next phase |
| G1/S checkpoint | Is cell ready for DNA synthesis? |
| G2/M Checkpoint | Did DNA copy correctly? |
| M checkpoint | Is cell ready to complete Mitosis and divide? |
| Centromere | The tie around the middle of 2 chromatids |
| Centrosome | Holds the Centrioles |
| Centrioles | Makes the Spindle fibers |
| Spindle Fibers | Guides the chromatids to the poles. |
| Cell plate | Only in plant cells that are dividing |
| Histone | Protein in the Chromatin--holds DNA coils |
| Chromatin | DNA and Histones. |
| skepticism | the questioning way a scientist looks at data. |
| observation | using your senses to make inferences |
| hypothesis | a testable idea |
| experiment | a test carried out under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis |
| control group | serves as a standard for comparison |
| theory | an explanation for many experimental results |
| homeostasis | maintaining ones inside environment differently from the external environment |
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
| cohesion | a molecule's ability to stick to itself |
| adhesion | a molecule's ability to stick to other substances |
| carbohydrate | sugars, starches, etc |
| lipid | fatty acids, fats, waxes, phospholipids, cholesterol; |
| protein | chain of amino acids |
| nucleotide | building block of nucleic acids. |
| activation energy | lowered by an enzyme |
| substrate | acted on by an enzyme. |
