| A | B |
|---|
| cell membrane | phospholipid layer around cell |
| cytoplasm | part of the cell inside the membrane |
| ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| prokaryote | single celled organism without membrane bound organelles or nucleus |
| eukaryote | organism of 1 or more cells having a nucleus and organelles. |
| nucleus | brains of the cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | rough--stores and ships proteins, smooth-stores and ships lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | packages things to be shipped out of the cell |
| mitochondrion | makes ATP |
| phospholipid | makes the cell membrane, made of phospate group and 2 fatty acid chains |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration across a region |
| diffusion | movement down a concentration gradient |
| carrier protein | facilitated diffusion molecule |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion aided by carrier proteins or channels |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| second messenger | cAMP--transduces the message from a receptor to either the nucleus or to another enzyme in the cell |
| photosynthesis | conversion of sunlight and carbon dioxide |
| chromosome | dna and histones all rolled up together |
| chromatin | what a chromosome is made of. |
| histone | the protein that wraps up DNA |
| centromere | holds two sister chromatids together |
| interphase | phases G1, S and G2 |
| mitosis | 1 cell divides into two with copied DNA |
| gamete | sex cell--sperm or egg |
| zygote | fertilized egg--2 1n cells combine to make a 2n cell |
| diploid | 2n |
| haploid | 1n |
| meiosis | 2n cell makes 4 1n cells |
| crossing over | one allele crosses to the homologous chromosome next to it. |
| independent assortment | caused by segregation--each gamete gets unique genes. |
| allele | one form of a gene |
| dominant | the gene that is expressed (has a phenotype) |
| homozygous | two identical alleles for the same trait |
| heterozygous | one dominant/ one recessive allele |
| punnett square | used ot calculate the probability of a phenotype |
| polygenic | more than one gene controls the trait |
| co-dominance | both allele types are expressed |
| replication | copying the DNA |
| transcription | making an mRNA from a DNA |
| translation | making a protein from the mRNA |
| polymerase | the enzyme that makes the DNA or RNA copy |
| codon | Three nitrogen bases that code for an amino acid |
| evolution | the change in species over time |
| natural selection | survival of the fittest |
| adaptation | a trait which improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce |
| population genetics | the study of the frequency and interaction of genes in a population |
| normal distribution | bell curve |
| reproductive isolation | inability to reproduce with other similar organisms due to geographic isolation, timing or speciation |
| geographic isolation | differences occur due to geologic separation such as bodies of water or mountain ranges |
