| A | B |
|---|
| Conservatives | oppose change or want to change back |
| Conservatives | Dominated the governments of Europe after Congress of Vienna (1815) |
| Liberals | want change, which in Europe in 1815 meant ... social equality, all MEN voting, and nationalist movements. |
| Belgium and Greece (Serbia sort of) | Win independence in the early 1800s for their nationalist causes, everyone else loses until later |
| nationalists | wanted people with a common heritage (ex. "Italians") to have their own country. (Short Answer) |
| Enlightenment | time period in which philosophers felt that power belonged to the PEOPLE. |
| France | Leaders of other nations feared revolts in this nation, as their revolts often spread. "Achoo" :) |
| peninsulares | top of colonial Latin America's social classes and the only group that could have political power. |
| creoles | owned large estates or were merchants in L. America. Have money and education, but are not allowed political power... will lead revolts. |
| mestizos and mulatoes | mixed ancestry, often were managers of haciendas or other jobs that required bilingual people. |
| Indians | had much of their land taken away by the Spanish king and suffered under the encomienda system of forced labor |
| slaves | brought to the "New World" to work after the Indians died from disease and mistreatment. |
| Haiti | freed from French by a slave revolt |
| Commentaries on the Gallic Wars | contained military strategy of L'Ouverture |
| former slaves | Major reason why few nations would trade with Haiti is because it was a nation of ... |
| Haitian creole | language that 85% of Haitians speak (thanks to the large number of imported slaves) and it hinders their trade today |
| Bolivar | freed the northern part of South America from Spain |
| Gran Colombia | dream of Bolivar, fails b/c of geography, culture and power hungry leaders. |
| encomienda system | provided Indian land and labor to the creoles and Spanish king |
| rigid social class structure | position in society was based on birth. In L. American colonies it was topped by peninsulares, and the rich creoles were in second place... Same as medieval Europe. |
| Hidalgo's rebels | The first revolt in Mexico failed b/c this creole priest was going to free the slaves and give land to Indians |
| Tupac Amaru | descended from Incan royalty, led revolt to end the encomienda system.Killed but the King still ended the system |
| regionalism | loyalty to a local area, it is one reason why Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America failed |
| Andes Mountains | they hindered Bolivar's efforts to unite South America. |
| Bolivar, L'Ouverture, Hidalgo, San Martin | Nationalists that led independence movements in their respective territories. |
| 13 British Colonies | the first to free themselves in the Western Hemisphere....inspiring others France, Haiti, and the rest of Latin America |
| universal manhood suffrage | right for all men to vote (Short Answer Question) |
| military dicators | dominate the governments of Latin America, thanks to the examples of L'Ouverture and Bolivar... partly |
| Brazil | the only peaceful independence movement |
| Pedro I | monarch of Brazil, his father supported his declaration of independence. |
| How was Brazil's Independence movement different that that of the rest of Latin America? | Theirs was relatively PEACEFUL and ended with a MONARCHY. |
| Goals of Simon Bolivar | 1. free Spanish South America, create Gran Colombia, create a Republic |
| Actions of Simon Bolivar | military success by crossing the Andes and surprising the Spanish in Colombia, also an alliance with Jose de San Martin (more troops) |
| Success of Simon Bolivar | Frees most of Spanish South America, but Gran Colombia fails and there isn't a republic after he names himself "President for Life" |
| Goal of Tupac Amaru | to end the encomienda system of forced labor for Indians |
| Action of Amaru | led an Indian revolt in 1780 |
| Success | he is captured and brutally killed, but the king does investigate and ends the encomienda system |
