| A | B |
|---|
| Virtue | for the Greeks especially, it meant "excellence," and in particular moral excellence |
| knowledge of what is good | is necessary for doing the right thing and is also sufficient for doing the right thing, according to Socrates (and Plato) |
| being virtuous, that is, having the habit of doing what is ethical | is necessary for happiness and, in fact, that's all you need to be happy, according to Socrates (and Plato) |
| What is good for Socrates? | Not pleasures and such things, but rather, moral goodness---choosing to do the ethical action. |
| What is evil for Socrates? | Not pain and such things, but rather, choosing to do the unethical action |
| Socrates said "it is better to suffer an injustice than to commit an injustice" because | doing what is unethical is the worst thing that can happen to a person |
| Plato's Forms or Ideas | serve as a template or standard for the material things which exist |
| PLato's Idea of the perfect circle | does not exist in real world but allows us to make judgments about whether physical versions of the circle are good or bad |
| Plato's Allegory of the Cave | Represents process of going from ignorance to knowledge of unchanging truths |
| In Plato's Cave | people are chained so that they can only see shadows on a wall, but one escapes and sees the "real" world outside |
| Content of cave | represents changeable, physical world around us |
| World outside of cave | represents unchanging truths, including moral truths |
| the Form or Idea of the Good | Is represented by the Sun outside of the Cave |
| the idea that there are objective truths including moral principles that one can access by coming to know them | is connected to the Form of the Good in Plato's Allegory of the Cave |
| the three parts of the soul in Plato's tripartite view | the rational, the appetitive and the spirited |
| Which part of the soul is in control for the virtuous person, according to Plato? | the rational part |
| the virtue for the rational part of the soul | wisdom |
| the virtue for the appetitive part of the soul | temperance |
| the virtue for the spirited part of the soul | moral courage |
| the story of the Ring of Gyges | Involves gaining the power of invisibility and being able to do whatever one wants to do |
| Plato says the virtuous person who has the ring and can get away with doing anything wrong | will still do the ethical action because such a person does the right thing for its own sake and not for any other reason |
| If the rational part is not in control of the appetitive part | one can eat too much or play too many video games |
| If the rational part is not in control of the spirited part | one can get into a rage of someone breaks our pencil |
| If the rational part is not wise | one cannot perceive what the virtuous or reasonable choice is in an ethical dilemma |
| Socrates said knowledge is necessary and sufficient condition for____________ | virtue (doing the right thing) |
| When Socrates says knowledge is necessary for virtue...... | Socrates means one needs to know what the right thing is to do before one can do the ethical action |
| When Socrates says knowledge is a sufficient condition for virtue....... | Socrates means that if you know what the right thing is to do, you will automatically do the right thing |
| Socrates says virtue is a necessary and sufficient condition for happiness | happiness |
| When Socrates says virtue is a necessary condition for happiness...... | Socrates means that you have to behave ethically in order to be happy |
| When Socrates says virtue is a sufficient condition for happiness.... | Socrates means that all you need for happiness is being a good person---nothing else. |
| If someone can get away with doing the unethical action withhout being punished.... | it's like wearing the Ring of Gyges |
| In the first, most immature, stage of moral development for Kohlberg... | one does the ethical action in order to avoid being punished for doing the wrong thing |
| In the sixth, most mature, stage of moral development... | one does the ethical action for the principle of it---because it's the right thing to do |
| Plato says the virtuous person who wears the Ring of Gyges and thus can get away with being bad.... | still carries out ethical actions for their own sake, because it's the right thing to do |
