| A | B |
|---|
| Monotheistic | belief in only one god |
| Polytheistic | belief in many gods |
| Rivers | geographic feature in which early civilizations began |
| Neolithic | period in which people began farming |
| Paleolithic | period in which people were hunters and gathers, fire ans shelter were discovered |
| Nomadic | wander from place to place |
| Vizier | appointed by the pharaoh to supervise the business of government |
| Rosetta Stone | Enabled historians to read ancient hieroglyphics |
| Desert | geographic feature which helped protect Egyptians from invasions |
| Osiris | god of the Nile and the afterlife |
| Nile | life source of Egypt, annual floods provided farmers with water needed to grow crops |
| Peasant Farmers | most people in Egypt belonged to this class, provided labor to build the pyramids |
| Mummification | process of proserving body for the afterlife |
| pharaoh | ruler of Egypt, considered a god |
| King Tut | the tomb of this pharaoh provided a wealth of information about Egyptian culture |
| Hieroglyphics | type of picture writing used by the Egyptians |
| Mesopotamia | "land between two rivers", Tigris and Euphrates |
| Ziggurat | pyramid-shaped temples found in Sumer |
| Money Economy | Exchange of one set of goods or services for a currency such as money |
| Barter Economy | Exchange of one set of goods or services for another set of goods or services |
| Darius | great organizer, developed complex systems of roads and encouraged the use of money in Persia |
| Nebuchadnezzar | rebuilt and restored Babylon, Great conqueror, built the hanging gardens |
| Tigris, Euphrates | rivers known for its disructive and unpredictable floods |
| Code of Hammurabi | Strict set of laws, an eye for an eye, a life for a life. earliest legal code known in its entirety |
| Alphabet | symbols represent specific sounds. developed by sea traders from Phoenicia |
| Cuneiform | wedge-shaped picture writing used in Sumer |
| Democracy | A government in which absolute power is given to the people |
| Trojan War | After several years Greece was finally able tp enter the walls of Troy with shenanigans (the trojan horse) |
| Hellenistic | Blending of eastern and western culutres during the age of Alexander the Great |
| Homer | Blind poet who was credited with writing the Iliad and Odyssey |
| Illiad, Odyssey | Epic talkes which show the values of the Ancient Greeks |
| Socrates, Aristotle, Plato | Famous Greek Philosophers |
| Athens | Greek city-state; birthplace of democracy |
| Sparta | Greek city-state; military state |
| Peloponnesian | Greek civil war; Sparta needed support from rival Persia to defeat the powerful Athens |
| Achilles | Greek warrior who helped Greece win the Trojan war; Illiad is based on his achievements |
| Alexander the Great | Macedonian king who united Greece, conquered Persia, and who never lost a battle |
| Mountains | Separated Greek city-states |
| Persian Wars | Series of wars fought between the Greeks and the powerful Persians |
| Seas | United Greek city-startes with one another as well as the outside world |
| Hannibal | Carthage general during the Second Punic War |
| Nero | Emperor of Rome who was accused of setting the Great Fire of Rome; cruel and irresponsible |
| Partricians | Landholding upper class, orignally a requirement for all government officials |
| Citizen-Soldiers | Loyal soldiers of the Roman Republic; replaced by professional soldiers and mercenaries |
| Assassination | Murder of a political figure |
| Constantine | Roman emperor who divided the Roman Empire into east and west; Spread Christianity |
| Carthage | Rome's hated rival from Northern Africa who fought Rome during the Punic Wars |
| Julius Caesar | Rose to power using the military; replaced the Republic with Dictatorship; Assassinated by the Senate |
| Dictator | Ruler who has complete control over a government |
| Consuls | Supervised the business of the government and commanded the armies during the Republic (2); served only one term and were expected to consult with the senate |
| Tribunes | Elected by the plebians; could veto, or block laws that were harmful to the lower class |
| Plebians | Lower class including farmers, merchants, and traders; possessed little influence |
| Scipio | Roman general during the Second Punic War |
| Republic | Romans believed this type of government would prevent any one person from gaining too much power; some officials are chosen by the people; eventually replaced with a dictatorship |
| Punic Wars | Series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage |
| Monotheistic | belief in only one god |
| Polytheistic | belief in many gods |
| Rivers | geographic feature in which early civilizations began |
| Neolithic | period in which people began farming |
| Paleolithic | period in which people were hunters and gathers, fire ans shelter were discovered |
| Nomadic | wander from place to place |
| Vizier | appointed by the pharaoh to supervise the business of government |
| Rosetta Stone | Enabled historians to read ancient hieroglyphics |
| Desert | geographic feature which helped protect Egyptians from invasions |
| Osiris | god of the Nile and the afterlife |
| Nile | life source of Egypt, annual floods provided farmers with water needed to grow crops |
| Peasant Farmers | most people in Egypt belonged to this class, provided labor to build the pyramids |
| Mummification | process of proserving body for the afterlife |
| pharaoh | ruler of Egypt, considered a god |
| King Tut | the tomb of this pharaoh provided a wealth of information about Egyptian culture |
| Hieroglyphics | type of picture writing used by the Egyptians |
| Mesopotamia | "land between two rivers", Tigris and Euphrates |
| Ziggurat | pyramid-shaped temples found in Sumer |
| Money Economy | Exchange of one set of goods or services for a currency such as money |
| Barter Economy | Exchange of one set of goods or services for another set of goods or services |
| Darius | great organizer, developed complex systems of roads and encouraged the use of money in Persia |
| Nebuchadnezzar | rebuilt and restored Babylon, Great conqueror, built the hanging gardens |
| Tigris, Euphrates | rivers known for its disructive and unpredictable floods |
| Code of Hammurabi | Strict set of laws, an eye for an eye, a life for a life. earliest legal code known in its entirety |
| Alphabet | symbols represent specific sounds. developed by sea traders from Phoenicia |
| Cuneiform | wedge-shaped picture writing used in Sumer |
| Heresy | Beliefs that oppose the Church |
| King John | Corrupt King of England; forced to sign the Magna Carta limiting the power of monarchs |
| Magna Carta | Document that limited the power of the monarchy |
| 5 Pillars of Islam | Faith, Prayer, Almsgiving, Fasting (Ramadan), Pilgrimmage to Mecca (Hajj) |
| Hundred Years War | France defeated Britain |
| Joan of Arc | French maidan; her visions and leadership helped Franced with the Hundred Years War |
| Koran | Holy book of Islam |
| Mecca | Islam's holiest city |
| Allah | Islamic God |
| Mohammed | Islamic prophet |
| Excommunication | Punishment of being kicked out of the church |
| Vikings | Raiders, traders, and explorers for the Scandinavia |
| Feudal System | Rigid class system necessary for protection during the Middle Ages; included monarchs, nobles, knights, and peasants |
| Monarch | Ruler such as a king or queen |
| The Crusades | Series of battles fought primarily between the Muslims and the Christians |
| Longships | Ships used by the Vikings |
| Schism | Split in the Catholic Chruch during the Middle Ages |
| Black Death | Spread due to rats, fleas, and poor sanitation; millions died throughout Western Europe |
| Leif Erickson | Viking explorer; believed to be the first European to reach America |
| Mona Lisa, Last Supper | Famous works of Leonardo da Vinci |
| Sistine Chapel, David | Famous works of Michelangelo paid for by the Church |
| William Shakespere | Famous writer from the Renaissance; wrote Hamlet, King Lear, and Romeo and Juliet |
| Patron | Financial supporter |
| Florence, Italy | Important city during the Renaissance; included the Medici family and other patrons of the arts |
| Raphael | Moved to Florence to study the works of Leonardo and Michelangelo |
| Renaissance | Rebirth the culture of Ancient Rome and Greece; renewal of learning following the Middle Ages |
| Michelangelo | Renaissance man who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and carved the statue of David |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance man who painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper; studied human anatomy |
| John Calvin | Believed in the predestination; set up a theoracy in Geneva |
| King Henry VIII | Broke away from the Cathlolic Church of England for political reasons |
| Annulment | Cancel a marriage |
| Protestant | Christians who broke away from the Catholic Church during the reformation |
| Inquistion | Church court set up to root out heresy |
| Martin Luther | Believed Bible was the sole source of truth; translated the Bible into German; German monk who began the Protestant Movement |
| Theocracy | Governent run by church leaders |
| Predestination | Idea that your eternal fate was determined before birth |
| Johan Gutenberg | Inventor of the printing press; published the first complete version of the Bible |
| Geneva | John Calvin set up a theocracy; Established strict rules and the violaters were punished |
| Act of Supremacy | King Henry VIII separtaes himself from the Catholic Church; declares himself head of the Church of England |
| The Pope | Leader of the Catholic Church; during the Middle Ages there was as many as three |
| Indulgence | Lessened time spent in purgatory; Sold by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages |
| 95 Theses | Objections to the Catholic Church and were posted on the church door by Martin Luther |
| Recant | Take back your views |
