| A | B |
|---|
| "Lost Cause" | the southerners romanticized their lost way of life |
| Lives for freed slaves | some looked for lost family, most didnt really have anywhere to go. black landownership went up (from none to some) |
| 13th Amendment | This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally abolished slavery in the United States. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. Also helped poor whites. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs. Also tried to redistribute land, but failed. |
| Arguments among Republicans regarding freed slaves | Radical Republicans like Stevens and Sumner wanted civil rights for the blacks and punishment for the southerners. Moderate Republicans didn't really want to give rights to blacks. |
| Lincoln's plan for reconstruction | Lincoln's plan included a general pardon for white southerners who swore allegiance to the union (exluding high ranking confederates). Once 10% of a state's voters pledged to the Union, then the state could apply for statehood, as long as they accepted that abolition of slavery. Radical republicans didn't like this plan. |
| Wade-Davis Bill | The Wade-Davis bill said that once a majority of whites in a "state" pleged allegiance to the Union, the president could appoint a provisional governor. This provisional governor could call a state constitutional convention. The states had to accept the abolition of slavery, and disenfranchise confederate leaders. This bill was vetoed by lincoln which upset the radicals |
| Death of Lincoln | Became a martyr after being shot/killed by John Wilkes Booth |
| Andrew Johnson; his views on reconstruction | Johnson was really a democrat and he was really racist. Like Lincoln, he offered a general amnesty to white southerners who would pledge allegiance to the Union, but rich whites and high ranking Confederates had to ask for a personal pardon. Other than this, his plan was similar to the proposed Wade-Davis bill. |
| Radicals' views of Johnson | disliked him |
| Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves, but which gave them some new rights. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, and gave them equal rights to other citizens without regard to race, color, or previous condition. The act also gave the Federal government the power to supersede state governments to prosecute violations of the act. |
| l4th Amendment | Gave a constitutional description of citizenship, which included those born in the US, and naturalized in the US. |
| Radical Republicans' Reconstruction acts | after the veto of the Wade-Davis bill, radical Republicans got even more radical. They said that in order to get readmitted to the Union states would have to accept the 14th amendment. Only Tennesee did, so Tennessee was readmitted. The remaining states were split into 5 military districts each with a military commander. The commander had orders to register qualified voters (blacks and whites who had not rebelled), then the voters could make a constitution that had to accept the 14th amendment (and the 15th) and then congress had to accept it. |
| 15th Amendment | This amendment states that citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
| Tenure in Office Act | Forbade the president from dismissing federal officials (including his cabinet) without Senate's approval |
| Impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson | The radical Republicans had a huge majority in Congress, but Johnson was still the chief enforcer of their acts, so they wanted to get rid of him. He violated the Tenure of Office Act, so Congress impeached him, but he was very narrowly acquitted. |
| Scalawags/Carpetbaggers | Scalawags are hope to gain political offices with the help of the African-American vote and then use those offices to enrich themselves. Carpetbaggers where Democrats that used an equally unflatterring name for Northerners who moved to the South after the war. |
| African Americans in Reconstruction | Blacks participated in governments, but they never controlled a legislature, and the percentage of blacks who were elected officials was lower than the percentage of blacks in the population. |
| Achievements/scandals of Reconstruction governments | Education went way up for both races, but it was segregated, and land distribution failed. |
| Sharecropping, tenant farming | mostly done by freed blacks and poor whites. working someone else's land. |
| Crop-lien system/credit structures | Farmers (and other people) would buy things from a local store (that had no competition) in exchange for part of their crop, etc. This led to a cycle of inescapable debt. |
| Ulysses S. Grant's leadership | Having no political experience, Grant blatantly took advantage of the spoils system. There were a lot of scandals associated with him (credit mobilier, whiskey ring, indian ring) |
| Credit Mobilier | fradulant contracts let the company get lots of government money and then gave stock to congress people. so they wouldnt get caught (GRANT SCANDAL) |
| Whiskey Ring/Indian Ring | During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. |
| Panic of 1873 | Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver) |
| National Greenback Party | Party that arose out of a desire for paper money. They were not successful in gaining widespread support, but they kept the money issue alive. |
| Seward's Folly | Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase. |
| Ku Klux Klan | A secret society of Southerners founded in the 1860s; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence. Other targets included the Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American |
| Knights of the White Camelia | secret society in Louisiana used violence to maintain white control |
| Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 | gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South |
| Samuel Tilden | Democrat who ran against Hayes. He should have won the presidency, but after the disputed vote returns a special committee met and voted based on parties. The Republicans still had the majority in congress, so Hayes won. |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history |
| Compromise of 1877 | Republicans had to withdraw the troops from the south, make internal improvements in the south, have at least one democrat in Hayes's cabinet, and give Federal aid to a Southern railroad. |
| Redeemers | Powerful oligarchies that took over the south, and cut state spending/programs. |
| Readjuster movement | Readjusters did not like the redeemers, and opposed the cuts to state services. |
| Henry Grady | Advocated for southern industrial expansion. |
| Southern industrial expansion | The cotton and tobacco processing industries expanded. |
| "convict-lease" system | Prisoners were leased out as cheap labor, and were treated poorly. |
| Impact of tenant farming/share cropping | In the backwoods, people farmed cash crops and were able to pay their debts. With these cash crops, cows couldn't graze anywhere like they used to, which led to fence laws. |
| Maggie Lena/black middle class | first female black bank owner/black middle class emerged (but was still subordinate to the white middle class) |
| Booker T. Washington | believed that the freed blacks needed to prove themselves, and that the whites should be depending on the blacks. he worked for black education, especially in the industries, and founded tuskegee university. |
| Civil rights cases of 1883 | Plessy/Ferguson and Cumming/County Board of Education |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public places was legal as long as the facilities were equal (which they weren't). |
| Cumming v. County Board of Education | ruled that segregated schools were legal |
| literacy tests | in an attempt to avoid had to avoid the 15th amendment, there was a reading requirement to vote. Limited black voting, and poor white southerners voting. |
| grandfather laws | to get it so that the poor whites who could read could stil vote, if your grandfather voted before the war, you were "grandfathered in", and could still vote. |
| Jim Crow laws | a system of segregation |
| lynchings | public hanging, happened frequently |
| Ida B. Wells | black leader in the battle against lynching |
