| A | B |
|---|
| stabilizing | type of selection that favors the middle of a trait range, such as birth weight in humans |
| directional | type of selection that favors one end of the trait range more than the other; like bird beak size |
| speciation | if disruptive selection lasts long enough, it will result in this process |
| genetic drift | a change in the frequency of alleles |
| bottleneck | an effect on a population causing drift due to a natural disaster or radical decline in a population size |
| founder | the effect a small population can have when in colonizes a new habitiat |
| equlibrium | term used to describe when populations are not evolving and gene frequency is not changing |
| Hardy-Weinberg | a principle which states that allele frequency should remain stable unless one of five things drive its change |
| artificial selection | type of non-random mating where breeding selection is externally controlled, like plant and animal breeding programs |
| sexual selection | a non-random mating selection based on specific, but variable mating selection preferences |
| behavioral | type of isolation where species don't interbreed due to sligh changes in the actions or mating calls |
| geographic | type of isolation that occurs due to physical barriers |
| temporal | type of isolation that occurs due to different timing of available breeding readiness |
| molecular clock | a model used to compare similar stretches of DNA between species over time |
| neutral mutation | referred to as ticks caused by changes in the DNA code |
| gene duplication | term for the several copies of the same gene that normally occur in DNA |
| gene pool | it consists of all the alleles in a population |
| frequency | the percentage of alleles in a population |
| genetic recombination | one of the key methods through sexual reproduction to increase the number of geneotypes |
| mutations | changes in the DNA that drives changes to the gene pool |
| lateral gene transfer | the exchange and alterations of DNA through bacterial exchange of alleles |
| plasmid | a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria ususally for the purpose of exchange with other bacterium |
| polygenic | a trait which has a wide range of phenotypes due to more than one set of alleles coding for it |
| natural | type of selection that normally leading to changes from survival of the fittest |
| disruptive | type of selection that occurs when a change in the environment forces movement to one of the extremes of the trait range |
