| A | B |
|---|
| excommunicate | to cast out from the church |
| Pope Gregory VII | In 1073 a new pope came to power in Rome |
| Emperor Henry IV | Angry because the pope questioned his authority |
| Crusades | a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia fought for control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291 |
| Holy Land | the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived,preached,and died |
| Pope Urban II | of the Roman Catholic Church for help.The pope agreed to the request |
| King Richard I | Only King Richard I of England stayed in the Holy Land |
| Saladin | the leader of the Muslim forces |
| clergy | church officials |
| religious order | a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules |
| Francis of Assisi | 1182-1226 Born in Assisi Italy was the son of a wealthymerchant |
| friars | a member of a religious order who lived and worked among the public |
| Thomas Aquinas | the Dominican philisopher Thomas was a teacher at the University of Paris |
| natural law | a law that people believed God had created to fovern how the world operated |
| Magna Carta | a documentsigned in 1215 by King John of England that required the king to honor certain rights |
| Parliament | the law making body that governs England |
| Hundred Years'War | a long conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453 |
| Joan of Arc | a peasant girl rallied the French troops |
| Black Death | a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 |
| heresy | religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings |
| Reconquista | the effort of Christian kingdoms in Northen Spain to retake land from the Moors during the Middle Ages |
| King Ferdinand | In 1469 Ferdinand,the prince of Aragon,married Isabella |
| Queen Isabella | 1451-1504 She is considered one of the greatest monarch in Spanish history |
| Spanish Inquisition | an organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretely practicing their old religion |
