| A | B |
|---|
| How do the kidneys aid in RBC production | Produce erythropoietin a hormone that stimulates RBC production. |
| What does the kidney do to maintain acid-base balance | Resorbs HCO3 (bicarbonate) and excretes H+ (hydrogen) |
| What does aldosterone cause? | Sodium and water retention and potassium excretion |
| Vitamin D helps the gastrointestinal tract absorb? | Calcium |
| What is BUN? | Blood urea nitrogen It's normal level is 8 - 25 mg/ dL |
| What is a normal GFR | 125 mL/ min |
| Increased aldosterone has what effect on the kidney | Increased sodium and water retention and increased potassium excretion. This can lead to edema and a low blood potassium level |
| ANP causes | 1) Vasodilation 2) Inhibits aldosterone 3) Increases excretion of water |
| Normal pH | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| What starts RAAS | Decreased renal perfusion will cause the kidney to release renin beginning RAAS |
| Significant kidney disease has what effect on RBCs | Decrease erythropoietin leading to decreased RBCs |
| Two parts of the nephron | Glomerulus and tubular components |
| Efferent blood vessels carry blood | from the glomerulus. Afferent blood vessels carry blood to the glomerulus |
| Basement membrane of the glomerulus is | selectively permeable |
| What should not fit through the basement membrane of the glomerulus | RBCs and protein (big molecules) |
| Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood except | Has no protein as the basement membrane stops it |
| Goal of renal blood flow | Maintain perfusion for GFR in order to remove waste products from blood |
| SNS activation | Decreases renal blood flow |
| What three things cause vasoconstriction | Angiotensin II, ADH, SNS |
| Dopamine causes | Vasodilation at lower doses |
| Juxaglomerular Complexes determine how much renin to release by | Monitoring NaCl concentrations in the tubular filtrates |
| What three things affect BUN? | 1) Protein intake 2) GI bleeding 3) Hydration status |
| Which is more kidney specific BUN or creatinine? | Creatinine |
| Normal creatinine level | 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL |
| Obstructive kidney disorder result from | Something physically blocking the flow of urine from the kidneys |
| Name 3 causes of obstructive disorders | Developmental defects, pregnancy, BPH (prostate), tumor, stones (lithiasis), scar tissue (infections or inflammation), neurological dysfunction |
| Stasis of the urine predisposes the patient to | Infections and kidney stones |
| Can a unilateral obstruction cause hypertension | Yes, decreased perfusion to one kidney could result in that kidney producing renin (starting RAAS) |
| Most common kidney stone | Calcium |
| Causes of calcium stones | Immobility, hyperparathyroidism, and dietary intake |
| Renal colic occurs with | Stretching of ureters |
| Non-colicky pain occurs with | Distention of the renal pelvis |
| Which kidney stone has bacteria present? | Struvite (Magnesium ammonium phosphate) |
| Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by | E. coli |
| Washout phenomenon | Bacteria washed out by voiding (peeing) |
| Elderly will have what symptom if they have a UTI | Confusion |
| Cystitis | Bladder infection (lower urinary tract) so usually NO fever |
| Pyelonephritis | Upper urinary tract, systemic so expect a fever |
| Who would have Costovertebral tenderness? | Upper Urinary Tract issue |
| What causes most glomerular injury | Immune mechanisms (antibodies reacting with glomerular antigens these form antigen-antibody complexes) |
| If the glomerulus is damaged what happens? | RBCs and protein can cross the capillary wall and end up in the urine |
| Causes of Acute Nephritic Syndrome? | Group A beta hemolytic strepococci or some viruses (measles, mumps, chicken pox) |
| What happens in Acute Nephritic Syndrome? | Inflammatory response occurs. Immune complexes (antibody/ antigens) become trapped in basement membrane. Capillary membranes swells and increased permeability occurs |
| Manifestions of Acute Nephritic Syndrome? | Oliguria, proteinuria, hematuria, cola colored urine, sodium/ water retention, hypertension |
| Nephrotic Syndrome increases the risk of heart problems how? | Compensatory mechanism will result in increased cholesterol and thus increase blood clot (thrombus) risk |
| Manifestations of Nephrotic Sydrome? | Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, anasarca, lipiduria, hyperlipidemia, increased risk of infecction and thrombus |
| What are disorders of the tubular structures within the kidney called? | Tubulointerstitial disorders |
| What is renal tubular acidosis? | Defect in the ability to reabsorb HCO3 and/ or excrete H+ |
| Serious kidney issues result in what acid-base balance? | Metabolic acidosis |
| 2 Manifestations of a Wilm's tumor? | Abdominal mass and hypertension |
| Manfestations of renal cancer | Hematuria, flank pain, flank mass, weight loss |
