| A | B |
|---|
| Simplest macroevolutionary patterns | speciation & extinction |
| Clades continue to exist | speciation is greater than extinction rate |
| Background extinction | "business as usual" extinction |
| Mass extinction | species become extinct over a relatively short period of time |
| Gradualism | idea that evolution needed to be slow and steady |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | periods of no (or little) change interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change |
| Adaptive Radiation | the process by which a species evolves quickly into several different forms that live in different ways |
| Extinction of dinosaurs helped mammals by | creating new opportunities for mammals to survive |
| Convergent Evolution | Evolution produces similar structures in distantly related organisms in similar environments |
| Example of convergent evolution | shark & dolphin; armadillo & anteater; flying squirrel & sugar glider |
| Coevolution | when 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| Example of coevolution | flowers & their pollinators; monarch caterpillars & milkweed plant |
| Composition of early atmosphere | mainly carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen |
| What was produced in Miller-Urey experiment | Amino acids (building blocks of proteins) |
| Purpose of Miller-Urey experiment | that simple organic compounds could have given rise to mixtures of organic compounds |
| How oxygen got in the atmosphere | photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) created it |
| Oxygen affected early oceans by | mixing with iron and making rust |
| Oxygen affected early life by | driving many early life forms to extinction |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from communities formed by prokaryotes |
| Evolutionary significance of sexual reproduction | it increases genetic variation, which gives natural selection more raw material to work on |
