| A | B |
|---|
| operant conditioning | learning from consequences of behavior/the operant is the subject depressed woman or whatever must perform a behavior before the programmed outcome can occur |
| reinforcement | a stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| primary reinforcement | satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep |
| secondary reinforcer | is one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has acquired value |
| fixed - ratio schedule | reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of responses such as rewarding every fourth response or a student who receives a reward after doing a specified amount of work |
| variable-ratio schedule | does not require that a fixed or set number of responses be made for each reinforcement, as in slot machines that pay off after a random or varying number of attempts at pulling the handle |
| variable-interval schedule | the time at which the reinforcement is given changes/if you are trying to call a friend, but the line is busy, what do you do? You keep trying randomly. You don't know when when your efforts will be rewarded and you will reach your friend |
| fixed-interval schedule | the first correct response after a specified amount of time is reinforced. The time interval is always the same. As in cleaning up your room every Saturday morning when you know Saturday afternoon someone will be checking it to make sure that it is clean |
| shaping | a process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones |
| response chains | each response produces the signal for the next one |
| aversive control | unpleasant consequences that can be negative reinforcers or punishers |
| negative reinforcement | when a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed/an example when you have been walking with a pebble in your shoe when it is removed a negative reinforcer or stimulus is gone |
| escape conditioning | a person's behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop/when a child whines or cries to get a piece of candy/he/she learns to do that to get what he/she wants |
| avoidance conditioning | the person's behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening/ a child whines and avoids an unpleasant situation like eating liver. |
