| A | B |
|---|
| bourgeoisie | the new capitalist middle class, the owners |
| proletariat | the working class created by capitalism |
| Social Darwinism | the idea that human society operates through "survival of the fittest" mechanisms |
| pogrom | organized violence against Jews, particularly in Eastern Europe |
| Zionism | Theodor Herzl's ideology that called for a Jewish national state |
| mass production | new production method of industrial capitalism |
| dialectic | the mechanism that moves history, according to Hegel |
| Karl Marx | author of the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital |
| capital | money; financial production as opposed to the production of labor |
| utilitarianism | Jeremy Bentham's doctrine of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people" |
| socialism | the idea that the benefits and costs of a society and economic system should be broadly shared; |
| capitalism | Adam Smith's idea of laissez faire market driven economy |
| Chartism | British reform movement that advocated for greater political democracy and universal male suffrage |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
