| A | B |
|---|
| Consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| Circadian Rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
| REM Sleep | rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
| Alpha Waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
| Sleep | periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
| Hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| Delta Waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| NREM Sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep |
| Insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
| Narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer my lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
| Sleep Apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
| Night Terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
| Dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
| Manifest Content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream |
| Latent Content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream |
| REM Rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
| Posthypnotic Suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
| Dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thought and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
| Psychoactive Drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
| Tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same does of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
| Withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
| Physical Dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
| Psychological Dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
| Addiction | compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
| Barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
| Opiates | opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
| Stimulants | drugs that excite neural activity and sped up body functions |
| Amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
| Methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
| Ecstasy | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood cognition |
| LSD | a powerful halucinogenic drug; also known as acid |
| Hallucinogens | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
| Depressants | drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| Near Death Experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
| THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
| pineal gland | small endocrine gland that produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions. |
| NREM 1 sleep | slow breathing and irregular brain waves. Very brief, may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations, sensation of falling or floating. |
| NREM 2 sleep | appearance of sleep spindles. Clearly asleep, but still easily awoken; about 20 minutes. |
| sleep spindles | bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity. |
| NREM 3 sleep | brain increasingly emits slow delta waves. About 30 minutes, hard to be woken. Children tend to wet the bed or sleepwalk during end. |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences. |
| lucid dreams | dreams in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming. |
| Activation synthesis Theory | the theory that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals that fire during sleep. |
| posthypnotic amnesia | supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion. |
| dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. |
| monism | the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment |
| inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| selective attention | The focus of attention on one particular stimulus or task at the exclusion of other stimuli. |
| Ninety Minutes | The amount of time it takes to |
| marijuana | hallucinogenic drug, THC is active ingredient, impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and focus |
| cocaine | stimulant that releases more dopamine in the brain to help us feel satisfaction or pleasure |
| caffeine | stimulant, heightens energy levels |
