| A | B |
|---|
| codon | stands for (encodes) one amino acid |
| amino acid | small molecule that is a building block of proteins |
| genetic code | consists of the sequence of nitrogen bases—A, C, G, T (or U)—in a polynucleotide chain. The four bases make up the “letters” of the code |
| protein synthesis | process in which cells make proteins is called |
| transcription | takes place in the nucleus. It uses DNA as a template to make a strand of mRNA that is complementary to a strand of DNA |
| translation | second part of the central dogma of molecular biology genetic where code in mRNA is read to make a protein |
| Central Dogma | RNA carries information from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm and then helps assemble the protein. DNA → RNA → Protein |
| Franklin | used x-ray crystallography to discover the double helix shape of DNA |
| Wilkins | worked with Franklin used x-ray crystallography to discover the double helix shape of DNA |
| Watson Crick | used work from other scientists and their own work to determine the shape of DNA is the double helix |
| chromatin | DNA not coiled into chromosomes and not distinguishable as separate pieces |
| nucleotide | small molecule containing a sugar, phosphate group, and base that is a building block of nucleic acids |
| adenine | nitrogen bases, double ring molecule, part of nucleotide that makes up DNA |
| guanine | nitrogen bases, double ring molecule, part of nucleotide that makes up DNA |
| thymine | nitrogen bases, single ring molecule, part of nucleotide that makes up DNA |
| cytosine | nitrogen bases, single ring molecule, part of nucleotide that makes up DNA |
| uracil | one of the nitrogen bases, exists in RNA, not DNA (replaces DNA’s thymine) |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, double-stranded nucleic acid that makes up genes and chromosomes |
| gene | unit of DNA on a chromosome that is encoded with the instructions for a single protein |
| complementary base pair | pair of nucleotide bases that bond together—either adenine and thymine (or uracil) or cytosine and guanine |
| semi conservative | the parent DNA strand splits so that 1 parent strand is used as the pattern for the new daughter strand when DNA is replicated |
| DNA replication | process where DNA is copied |
| DNA helicase | enzyme that unwinds (unzips) the DNA helix |
| polymerase | enzyme to build new DNA |
| mRNA | copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries them to the cytoplasm |
| rRNA | helps form ribosomes, where proteins are assembled |
| tRNA | brings amino acids to ribosomes, where they are joined together to form proteins |
| Griffith | discovered there is a “transforming” agent inside living organisms by doing bacteria experiment with mice |
| Avery | refined Griffith’s work and suggested DNA is transforming agent by using same bacteria strains as Griffith, but removing protein, RNA, DNA one by one |
| Hershey Chase | based on Griffith and Avery’s work. Marked bacteria strains with fluorescent labels, centrifuged their parts and identified DNA as the carrier of information and not protein |
| anticodon | complementary to the codon for an amino acid |
| mutation | A change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA |
| insertion mutation | the insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence |
| deletion mutation | deletion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence |
| reading frame | starting from left and moving right read the codons (groupings of 3) to determine what proteins are built |
| protein | organic compound made up of amino acids |
| GMO | organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques |
