| A | B |
|---|
| Solid | Definite shape & volume. Particles are close together an organized. Low energy. |
| Liquid | Definite volume & indefinite shape. Particles are close but random. Moderate energy. |
| Gas | Indefinite shape & volume. Particles are spread out and random. High energy. |
| Plasma | Most common phase of matter in the universe but relatively uncommon on earth. |
| Melting | Solid to Liquid |
| Freezing | Liquid to Solid |
| Vaporization | Liquid to Gas |
| Evaporation | Liquid to Gas at any temperature but only at the surface |
| Boiling | Liquid to Gas at a specific temperature throughout the liquid |
| Condensation | Gas to Liquid |
| Sublimation | Solid to Gas |
| Deposition | Gas to Solid |
| Endothermic Phase Change | Phase change that requires the addition of heat |
| Exothermic Phase Change | Phase change that requires the removal of heat |
| Mass | Amount of material, or stuff, that a substance is made of |
| Volume | Amount of space a substance occupies |
| Density | How compact a substance is |
| Atoms | Smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the element |
| Nucleus | The center of an atom |
| Protons | Positively charged subatomic particles located in the nucleus of the atom and that have a mass of about 1 AMU |
| Neutrons | Subatomic particles with no charge located in the nucleus of the atom and that have a mass of about 1 AMU |
| Electrons | Negatively charged subatomic particles that surround the nucleus and have a mass of about 0 AMU |
| Isotopes | Atoms with differing numbers of neutrons and therefore differing masses |
| Ions | Atoms that have lost or gained electrons and become charged |
| Cations | Positively charged ions that have lost electrons |
| Anions | Negatively charged ions that have gained electrons |
| Groups | Columns on the periodic table with similar chemical and physical properties |
| Periods | Rows on the periodic table |
| Reactivity | How likely an element is to interact with other elements |
| Atomic Radius | The size of an atom |
| Pure Substance | Material that cannot be broken down by physical means |
| Mixture | Material that can be broken down by physical means |
| Element | Material that cannot be broken down by chemical means |
| Compound | Two or more elements that are chemically combined |
| Homogeneous Mixture | Mixuture that is the same throughout |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | Mixture that is not the same throughout |
| Solution | Homogeneous mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another and cannot be separated by filtration |
| Colloid | Mixture in which one substance is dispersed in another and cannot be separated by filtration |
| Suspension | Heterogeneous mixture in which one substance is floating in another and can be separated by filtration |
| Metals | Elements that are usually solid at room temperature, are always good conductors, are usually malleable and ductile, have a high luster, are located on the left side of the periodic table, and make up more than 70% of the periodic table |
| Non-Metals | Elements that can be any phase at room temperature, are always poor conductors, can be non-reactive, are generally not malleable and ductile, and are mostly located on the right side of the periodic table |
| Metalloids | Elements that are always solid at room temperature, are semiconductors, and are located along the staircase of the periodic table |
| Ionic Bond | Bond that forms when cations (usually metals) transfer electrons to anions (usually non-metals) |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Bond that forms when non-metals share electrons unequally |
| Non-Polar Covalent Bond | Bond that forms when non-metals share electrons equally |
| Metallic Bond | Bond that forms when metals share electrons |
| Ionic Compounds | Compounds that are crystalline, completely soluble, good conductors when dissolved, have very high melting and boiling points, and are brittle |
| Covalent Compounds | Compounds that have a variety of shapes and solubilities, are always poor conductors, have relatively low melting and boiling points, and are flexible; Greek prefixes must be used when naming the compound |
| Polyatomic Ions | Ions that are composed of more than one atom |
| Endothermic Reactions | Reactions that absorb heat |
| Exothermic Reactions | Reactions that release heat |
| Reactants | The substance(s) you start with in a reaction |
| Products | The substance(s) you end with in a reaction |
| Balanced Reaction | When both sides of the chemical equation have the same number of each element |
| Coefficient | Large numbers that go in front of an element or compound in a chemical equation; Tells you how many copies of the element or compound you have; These number CAN be changed to balance the reaction |
| Subscript | Small numbers that follow elements or polyatomic ion in a chemical equation; Tells you how many of each element or polyatomic ion are in each compound; These numbers CANNOT be changed when balancing a reaction |
| Synthesis Reaction | Reaction in which there is only one product |
| Decomposition Reaction | Reaction in which there is only one reactant |
| Single Replacement Reaction | Reaction in while there is an element by itself on BOTH sides of the equation |
| Double Replacement Reaction | Reaction in which everything in the equation is a compound |
| Combustion Reaction | Reaction in which the products are carbon dioxide and water |
| Acids | Substances that give off hydrogen ions in solution, have a pH of 6 or less, taste sour, feel sticky, and turn litmus paper red |
| Bases | Substances that give off hydroxide ions in solution, have a pH of 8 or more, taste bitter, feel slippery, turn litmus paper blue, and phenolphthalein pink |
| Neutral | Substances that have a pH of 7 |
| Nuclear Fusion | Two or more small nuclei combine to form one larger nucleus; Happens in stars |
| Nuclear Fission | One large nucleus is broken into two or more smaller nuclei; Happens in nuclear power plants |
| Alpha Decay | The emission of a helium nucleus that is relatively slow and easy to stop, can cause burns, and results in a decrease in both the atomic number and the atomic mass of the atom emitting the particle |
| Beta Decay | The emission of an electron that results in an increase in the atomic number of the atom emitting the particle |
| Gamma Decay | The emission of energy that is very difficult to stop and very dangerous |
| Half-Life | The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay to a stable daughter product |
