| A | B |
|---|
| chemical compounds that contain carbon and that make up living organisms | organic compounds |
| electrons that can be gained, lost, or shared in a chemical reaction | valence electrons |
| the large molecules that make up living organisms | macromolecules |
| a small molecule that may be chemically bonded to other like molecules to form a polymer | monomer |
| chemical process of combining monomers to form a polymer | polymerization |
| long chain of monomers | polymer |
| an organic molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; used as a source of energy and gives structure to come types of cells | carbohydrate |
| simple sugar | monosaccharide |
| a polymer of sugar; meaning a long chain of sugar molecules chemically linked together | polysaccharide |
| a polysaccharide made by plants to store energy | starch |
| a polysaccharide used in the cell walls of plants to give cells structural support | cellulose |
| a polysaccharide made by animal cells to store energy short term | glycogen |
| organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; insoluble in water | lipids |
| a type of lipid used to store energy and as a source of fatty acids | fat |
| a fat that has all single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens attached to each carbon | saturated fat |
| a fat that has one double carbon-to-carbon bond | monounsaturated fat |
| a fat that has more than one double carbon-to-carbon bond | polyunsaturated fat |
| fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body by must be eaten | essential fatty acids |
| a type of lipid that helps to make up cell membranes | phospholipid |
| a type of lipid that can be present in cell membranes or can make up certain hormones | steroid |
| a type of steroid used in cell membranes and also used to make steroid hormones | cholesterol |
| a type of lipid that is used to waterproof leaves, skin, feathers, etc. | wax |
| an organic molecule with many important functions; the main structural component of muscle, skin, bone, etc. | protein |
| organic molecules that are building blocks of protein | amino acid |
| an element found in amino acids and proteins but is NOT found in carbohydrates or fats | nitrogen |
| the covalent bond between the amino acids in a protein | peptide bond |
| an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus and makes up RNA and DNA | nucleic acid |
| a molecule that contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base and that links together to form RNA and DNA | nucleotide |
| a nucleic acid molecule in the shape of a double helix that contains deoxyribose sugar and that stores genetic information | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| a nucleic acid molecule that contains ribose sugar and makes proteins | Ribonucleic acid |
| the shape, similar to a twisted ladder, of a DNA molecule | double helix |
| a biological catalyst that enables chemical reactions to take place in the body | enzyme |
| a substance that is changed by an enzyme | substrate |
| the part of an enzyme that "attaches to" a substrate | active site |
| the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin | activation energy |
| a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being affected by the reaction | catalyst |
| cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining undifferentiated | stem cell |
| a type of stem cell that can divide into many new cells, but not very many different cell types | multipotent stem cell |
| a type of stem cell that can divide into many new cells, as well as many different types of cells | pluripotent stem cell |
| the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature form and function | cell differentiation |
| theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, all cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life | cell theory |
| the basic unit of life | cell |
| a group of cells that work together to perform a similar function | tissue |
| a group of different types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function or related functions | organ |
| an individual living thing | organism |
| two or more organs that work in a coordinated way to carry out similar functions | organ system |
| the first scientist to identify cells; he is credited with coining the term "cell" | Robert Hooke |
| the first scientist to observe living cells; these cells were called "animalcules" and observed in pond water | Anton van Leewenhoek |
| the first scientist to note that all plants were made of cell | Matthais Schleiden |
| the first scientist to note that all animals were made of cells | Theodore Schwann |
| the scientist that combined the efforts of others to determine all cells come from other cells, and therefore responsible for the cell theory | Rudolf Virchow |
