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| cell | the basic unit of life |
| cell theory | All living things are made of cells; cells are building blocks of life; cells come from other cells |
| nucleus | a membrane enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
| eukaryotes | cells that contain nuclei |
| prokaryotes | cells that do NOT contain nuclei |
| organelles | specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
| cytoplasm | the 'liquid' portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| nuclear envelope | layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell |
| chromatin | the material you can see in the nucleus |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures that contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| nucleolus | a small, dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begins |
| ribosomes | small particles of RNA and proteins found throughout the cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a membrane system which is responsible for synthesis of lipid bylayers and membrane proteins. Also functions as a 'transport' system within the cell |
| Golgi apparatus | sorting and packaging organelle |
| lysosomes | small organelles filled with enzymes to digest or breakdown waste materials |
| vacuoles | store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| mitochondria | organelles that convert the chemicals stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| chloroplasts | organelles that capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape |
| centrioles | located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division |
| cell membrane | thin flexible barrier that surrounds the cell |
| cell wall | strong supportive layer around the membrane |
| phospholipid bilayer | double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
| concentration | the mass of the solute in a given volume of solution or mass/volume |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| equilibrium | when the concentration of solute is the same throughout |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
| hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| endocytosis | the process of taking materials into a cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | when a cell takes in food particles via endocytosis |
| pinocytosis | when a cell 'drinks' via endocytosis |
| exocytosis | the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane forcing contents out of the cell |
| cell specialization | cells throughout organisms that develop in different ways to perform different tasks |
