| A | B |
|---|
| Hyksos | nomads who invaded Egypt and ruled from 1640 to 1570BC between the Middle and New Kingdoms |
| New Kingdom | after the Hyksos rulers, a third and last period of dynastic glory in Egypt, 1570 to 1075BC |
| Hatshepsut | pharaoh around 1472BC who encouraged trade rather than just waging war during her reign |
| Thutmose III | stepson of Hatshepsut, led invasions of neighboring lands to turn Egypt into a mighty empire |
| Nubia | region of Africa south of Egypt that straddled the upper Nile River, invaded by Egypt |
| Ramses II | pharaoh around 1285BC who made a treaty with the Hittite king that promised peace and brotherhood |
| Kush | ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers controlled Egypt from 750 to 671BC |
| Piankhi | Kushite king who united the entire Nile Valley in 751BC, ruled as 25th dynasty in Egypt |
| Meroe | city close to Red Sea where Kushites moved, became active in trade between Africa & Arabia, & India, rich in natural resources |
| Assyria | greatest power in Southwest Asia around 850BC, much of it was centered in present-day Iraq |
| Sennacherib | Assyrian king who bragged about his bloody exploits |
| Nineveh | Assyria's capital city along the Tigris River |
| Ashurbanipal | Assyrian king who built one of the ancient world's largest libraries; archaeologists used books to better understand Mesopotamian writing |
| Medes | enemy of Assyrians, burned and leveled Nineveh |
| Chaldeans | enemy of Assyrians, destroyed Nineveh, then made Babylon their capital |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Chaldean king who restored Babylon around 600BC and is famous for his hanging gardens |
| Cyrus | Persian king around 550BC whose legacy included his military genius, kindness, and method of governing |
| Cambyses | son of Persian king Cyrus who extended Persian Empire by conquering Egypt around 530BC |
| Darius | Persian king after Cambyses who ruled over a vast empire of over 2500 miles from east to west, genius lay in administration of lands |
| satrap | local governor appointed by Persian king Darius to rule in each province of the Persian Empire |
| Royal Road | part of Persian empire, ran from Persia to Anatolia - a distance of 1677 miles, helped to unite empire |
| Zoroaster | Persian prophet and religious reformer around 600BC who taught people could control their own fate by choosing the god of evil or truth |
| Confucius | China's most influential scholar, believed that social order, harmony, and good government would be restored if society was organized around 5 relationships based on respect for elders and parents |
| filial piety | respect for parents and elders, Confucius philosophy |
| bureaucracy | a trained civil service, those who run the government in a structured manner |
| Daoism | Chinese philosophy, search for knowledge and understanding of nature led followers to pursue scientific studies |
| Legalism | practical Chinese thinkers, believed that a highly efficient and powerful government based on rewards and punishment was the key to restoring order |
| I Ching | book of oracles used to answer ethical or practical problems |
| yin and yang | concept of two powers, masculine and feminine, that together represented the natural rhythms of life |
| Qin Dynasty | replaced the Zhou Dynasty and employed Legalist ideas with an autocratic government to subdue warring states and unify the country |
| Shi Huangdi | Qin ruler whose victories doubled China's size and unified the empire by following the Legalist philosophy and establishing an autocracy |
| autocracy | government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner |
