| A | B |
|---|
| Philip II | Spanish king who took control of Portugal but failed in his invasion of England |
| absolute monarch | king or queen with complete control |
| divine right | idea that a ruler receives the right to rule from God |
| Edict of Nantes | Order that gave Huguenots the right to live in peace in Catholic France |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles |
| skeptism | belief that nothing could be known for certain |
| Louis XIV | French king who was an absolute ruler |
| intendant | Official of the French government |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | Chief Minister of Finance under Louis XIV |
| War of the Spanish Sucession | War fought by other European nations against France and Spain when those two states tried to unite their thrones |
| Thirty Years War | conflict over religion, territory, and power among European ruling families |
| Maria Theresa | Empress of Austria whose main enemy was Prussia |
| Frederick the Great | Leader of Prussia who sought to increase its territory |
| Seven Years' War | conflict from 1756 to 1763 in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries |
| Ivan the Terrible | Ruler who added lands to Russia, gave it a code of laws, and also used his secret police to execute "traitors" |
| boyar | Russian noble who owned land |
| Peter the Great | Importatn leader of Russia who started westernization |
| westernization | useof western Europe as a model of change |
| Charles I | King of England who was executed |
| English Civil War | War fought form 1642 to 1649 between the Royalists, or Cavaliers, and the Puritan supporters of Parliament |
| Oliver Cromwell | Leader of the Puritans |
| Restoration | Period after the monarchy was restored in England |
| habeas corpus | Law giving prisoners the right to obtain a document saying that the prisoner cannot go to jail without being brought before the judge |
| Glorious Revolution | Bloodless overthrow of King James II |
| constitutional monarchy | Government in which laws limit the monarch's power |
| cabinet | A group of government ministers that was a link between the monarch and Parliament |
