| A | B |
|---|
| Stoicism | idealized freedom from emotions; "pneuma" or "breath of life" |
| Skepticism | rejected unsupported truths; "Pyrrhonian" and "Academic" varieties |
| Scholasticism | reconciled Christian thought with classical thinkers; taught at medieval Christian universities |
| Empiricism | thought all knowledge derives from sensory experience; mind starts as "blank state" or "tabula rasa" |
| Rationalism | thought all knowledge derives from intuition and rational nature; abstract ideas "forms" more real than the material world |
| Positivism | used scientific method to discover laws that govern society; society develops through three stages (theocratic, metaphysical, and positive) |
| Pragmatism | valued ideas based on practical application or "cash value" of the idea |
| Utilitarianism | advocated the maximization of happiness; the most happiness is the best decision |
| Existentialism | lead "authentic" life; very loosely defined; 19th and 20th century |
