| A | B |
|---|
| Organic molecules | molecule that has 2 or more carbon atoms |
| Inorganic molecule | molecule that does not have any carbon atoms |
| Monomer | small molecules |
| Polymers | large organic molecules made from smaller molecules |
| Macromolecules | giant molecules |
| Carbohydrates | organic compounds with 1:2:1 ratio, are the main energy source for cells, or it's parts may be used to produce other organic molecules |
| Monosaccharides | single sugars |
| Glucose, fructose, galactose | C6H12O6 |
| Polysaccharide | many monosaccharides bonded; starch and cellulose are examples |
| Lipids | waxy, fatty or oily compounds made of fatty acids and glycerol; store energy |
| Carboxyl group | COOH |
| Saturated fat | single bonds between carbon atoms due to fatty acids carrying as many atoms as possible, solid at room temperature |
| Unsaturated fat | double bonds between carbon atoms since fatty acids are not carrying all atoms possible, liquids at room temperature |
| Proteins | organic compounds made of amino acids; form parts of cells, regulate and control cell functions |
| Peptide bond | covalant bonds formed between 2 amino acids due to dehydration |
| Polypeptide | chain of amino acids |
| Nucleic acids | organic compounds making up hereditary material |
| Nucleotides | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar |
| Chemical reaction | process that changes 1 set of substances into a new set of substances |
| Reactant | substance that enters a chemical reaction |
| Product | substance formed from chemical reaction |
| Metabolism | total of all chemical reactions taking place in a cell |
| Anabolic reactions | simpler substances joined to form complex substances |
| Dehydration synthesis | when water is removed to join molecules into polymers |
| Catabolic reactions | complex substances broken down into simpler substances |
| Hydrolysis | when water is added to break down a polymer |
| activation energy | energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | substance that changes rate of chemical reaction, without being used |
| Disaccharide | two monosaccharides joined together; sucrose, lactose, maltose are examples |
| Enzyme | catalysts in living organisms, made of proteins |
| Substrate | compnents of reaction |
| Active site | special region that joins with substrate |
| Enzyme theory of Lock and Key | shape of substrate fits into only one active site, so one enzyme is needed for each chemical reaction |
| Denaturation | when a protein unravels and loses shape |
| Carbon atoms | atoms with 6 electrons capable of forming 4 covalent bonds |
| Hydrocarbons | molecules made up of ONLY carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Functional group | group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways |
| Hydrophilic | attracting water molecules |
| Dehydration | losing water |
| Glycogen | stored excess sugar in animal cells, breaks down into glucose if needed |
| Cellulose | tough, stringy substance that makes up plant cell walls, "fiber" in our diet |
| Fats | macromolecules that store energy, cushion organs, insulate the body |
| Glycerol | three carbon molecule that has a hydroxyl group |
| Fatty acid | long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to a carboxyl group |
| Steroids | type of lipid with a carbon skeleton in 4 fused rings, act as chemical signals and hormones |
| Cholesterol | essential lipid that is a starting point for other steroids |
| Hydrophobic | avoids water |
| Amino acid | monomer of proteins |
| Functional protein | polypeptide that is coiled and twisted into a unique shape |
