| A | B |
|---|
| Flame Test | Detecting elements by dipping wooden splint or nichrome wire into sample and holding over Bunsen burner. Flame changes color due to emission spectrum, especially yellow for sodium. |
| Titrations | Calculate concentration by adding small measured amounts to known concentration of reactant. Acid-base types use indicator such bromothymol blue or phenolphthalein and dispense titrant with buret. |
| Distillation | Separation of substances using their different boiling points. Does not work on Azeotropes. Oil refineries use fractional type. |
| Calorimetry | Calculating heat or enthalpy change using special container to hold in heat and measure temperature. Bomb calorimeter used for combustion reaction. |
| Chromatography | Separation of substances, such as ink into component colors. Consists of stationary phase, which reacts differently with different substances, and mobile phase, which causes components to move. Forms include Gas, High-Performance Liquid, and Ion-exchange |
| Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) | Collects information about bonds based on which wavelengths of IR radiation those bonds absorb. Absorbing changes dipole-moment, leading to stretching, wagging, and scissoring. Especially effective on carbonyl group. |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | Use of magnetic fields to determine arrangement of atomic nuclei. Usually only works on atoms with nonzero spin. Basis for MRI. |
| Mass Spectrometry | Identifies substance by ionizing, fragmenting, then passing through electromagnetic field to determine mass to charge ratio. Peaks tell what elements, and even what isotopes, are present. |
| Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry | Quantifies presence of compounds by shining light on sample (in a cuvette) and measuring which wavelengths are absorbed. Parts that absorb light are called chromophores, and lambda max is unique for each compound. Beer's law is used in calculations. |
| Liquid-Liquid Extraction | Separation of mixtures based on their relative solubility in two immiscible substances (i.e. oil and water). Done in a separatory funnel. |
