| A | B |
|---|
| Hippocrates | wrote code of ethics for doctors (Hippocratic Oath) |
| Pasteur | proved germ theory of disease and developed the first rabies vaccine; also developed "pasteurization" to preserve food |
| Mendel | "Father of Genetics," proved traits are inherited from parents and they may be dominant or recessive traits |
| Franklin | developed the first x-ray image of DNA, uncovered several keys to DNA's structure; did not receive credit until later |
| Watson & Crick | received the Nobel Prize for discovering the 3D structure of DNA from Franklin's x-ray image |
| Cohen & Boyer | invented the first DNA cloning technique; "Fathers of Genetic Engineering" due to being the first to transfer genes between species |
| Carson | first surgeon to successfully separate twins born joined at the head |
| Borlaug | agriculture researcher, received Nobel Prize for development of a strain of wheat which is feeding millions in poor countries |
| Wilmut | first person to clone an adult mammal, Dolly the sheep; continues to work with cloning and stem cells |
| genetics | the study of genes and how they work |
| genetic engineering | intentionally manipulating or changing genes; often produces GMO or transgenic organisms |
| regulation | controlling how something specific is done to protect the public, the industry, and the environment |
| Jenner | developed world's first vaccination against smallpox |
| Fleming | discovered the antibiotic properties of the penicillin mold and developed the first major antibiotic medicine from it |
| Louise Brown | first baby to be born through in vitro fertilization |
| Humulin | first drug made using biotechnology to be approved by the FDA |
| Human Genome Project | global effort to sequence all genes, locate them on chromosomes, and determine their functions |
| gene therapy | a technique for healing people with genetic disorders; most commonly involves replacing a "bad" copy of a gene with a working copy as in a genetic immune disorder |
| DNA Fingerprinting | a method for identifying a person through their unique genetic signature; often used to solve crimes or resolve family relationship questions |
| stem cells | cells which have not yet differentiated, meaning they have no set function yet and can be induced to form any type of cell - used in many health and medical applications |
