| A | B |
|---|
| top-down processing | Brain makes use of sensory information already stored |
| bottom-up processing | Make sense of the individual elements to the whole |
| Shape/Perceptual constancy | tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it |
| Dissociation | separation of normally related mental processes(helps explain hypnosis) |
| Light wavelength | distance from one peak to the next- determines hue |
| Light amplitude | Height of the peaks- determines intensity/brightness |
| Grouping-Gestalt Psychologists | Brings order and form to separate stimuli to create the sum of the parts |
| Figure-ground | Gestalt theory of seeing objects stand out from the background |
| Frequency theory | Pitch related to # of impulses traveling along the auditory nerve |
| Absolute threshold | lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect. |
| Sleep apnea | brief interruptions of breathing during sleep |
| Delta Sleep | Deep sleep stage |
| Sleep spindles | rapid, rhythmic brain waves in Sleep st |
| Selective attention | the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously |
| Sensory Adaptation | changes in the sensitivity of sensory receptors occur in relation to the stimulus- after prolonged exposure neural responses lessen |
| Parallel processing | color, motion, shape, and depth all visually processed |
| REM Sleep | Paradoxical sleep (paralysis), later stage, dreams |
| Weber's Law | change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus. |
| Circadian Rhythms | Natural sleep cycles, influenced by melatonin, disrupted by irregular sleep patters |
| Freud's wish fulfillment dream theory | Manifest and latent content |
| Nicotine | Decreases anxiety and increases alertness |
| Melatonin | Hormone which regulates sleepiness (higher levels- drowsiness) |
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus | located in hypothalamus controls circadian rhythms through melatonin |
| Activation-Synthesis dream theory | Physiological explanation for dreaming- making neural connections |
| Rods | Black and white, dim light, peripheral |
| Cones | Colors, bright lights, focused |
| Vestibular sense | Semi-circular canals regulate sense of body posture and balance |
| narcolepsy | sudden sleep attacks |
| Deep Sleep | Delta sleep |
| Insomnia | inability to fall asleep |
| Sleep spindles | NREM-2, sudden bursts of brain-wave activity |
| REM rebound | increasing amounts of REM sleep following sleep deprivation |
| Ecstasy | Stimulant and hallucinogen |
| Drug classification | Hallucinogens, depressants, stimulants |
| Opiates | Mimic the impact that endorphins have on the brain |
| Alcohol | Depressant- slowed reaction and skill performance |
| Dissociation | Split n levels of consciousness |
| Tolerance | Brain adaptation to chemicals in drugs |
| Retina | Contains cells that trigger optic nerve impulses |
| cochlea | impacts the pitch of sounds in the frequency theory |
| ossicles | small bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) of the inner ear |
| Decibel | measures amplitude (loudness) of sound |
| sleep deprivation | can lead to weight gain, illness, depression |
| Pineal Gland | Produces melatonin |
| Hypnosis | Dissociated state which may be useful for pain relief |
| EEG | Often used to measure brain waves in sleep studies |
| Perceptual adaptation | Adjusting to an environment by filtering out distractions (e.g. noises, different ways of seeing an object, underlying odor) |
