| A | B |
|---|
| DIGESTION | process that breaks down macromolecules (protein, lipids, polysaccharides) into smaller molecules (amino acid, fatty acid, monosaccharides) |
| GLYCOLYSIS | 10 oxidation reactions of glucose yield 2 pyruvate molecules |
| GLYCOGENOLYSIS | breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules |
| GLYCOGENESIS | the synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules |
| GLUCONEOGENESIS | synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate compounds |
| DIRECT SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION | is when ADP is converted to ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group |
| STAGE I CATOBOLISM | digestion: breakdown of food molecules by hydrolysis into smaller molecules—which occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine |
| STAGE II CATABOLISM | Release of energy: the molecules from Stage I are further broken down into small molecules acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and pyruvate |
| STAGE III CATABOLISM | Energy stored: Oxidation to CO2, H2O and energy for ATP synthesis; |
| STAGE OF CATABOLISM WHERE MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAY IS GLYCOLYSIS | Stage II |
| STAGE OF CATABOLISM WHERE MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAY IS CITRIC ACID CYCLE | stage III |
| CITRIC ACID CYCLE GIVES THESE FINAL PRODUCTS | CO2, H2O, and energy |
| NAD+ (NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE) | Coenzyme reactions that produce C=O bond |
| FAD (FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE) | coenzyme in the reaction that produce C=C bond |
| CoENZYME A (CoA) | activated acyl groups |
| ENZYMES USED IN GLYCOLYSIS | hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase |
| ENZYMES USED IN GLUCONEOGENESIS | pyruvate carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphatase |
| ENZYME USED IN BOTH GLYCOLISYS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS | enolase |
| THIS INHIBITS GLUCONEOGENESIS | glucagon |
| THESE ACTIVATE GLUCONEOGENESIS | insulin and low glucose levels |
| THESE INHIBIT GLYCOGENOLYSYS | insulin |
| THESE ACTIVATE GLYCOGENOLYSIS | Glucagon and epinephrine |
| GLUCAGON and EPINEPHRINE | inhibits glycogenesis |
| INSULIN | activates glycogenesis |
| THE FINAL PRODUCT OF GLYCOGENOLYSYS IN THE LIVER | glucose |
| THIS INCREASES THE RATE OF GLUCONEOGENSIS IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS | secretion of glucagon |
| THIS DECREASES THE RATE OF GLUCONEOGENSIS IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS | high blood glucose and secretion of insulin |
| THIS IS THE FINAL PRODUCT OF GLYCOGENOLYSIS IN SKELETAL MUSCLES | glucose-6-phophate |
