| A | B |
|---|
| when one acetyl-CoA completes the citric acid cycle how many NADH, FADH2, CO2 and GTP (ATP) are produced | 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 GTP (ATP) |
| how many reactions in the citirc acid cycle produce a reduced coenzyme (are oxidation-reduction reactions) | 3, 4, 6, 8 |
| what substance is a substrate in the first reaction in CAC (Citric acid cycle) | OXALOACETATE |
| What are the products from 1 glucose molecule ( two turns of the CAC) | 4 ATP; 10 NADH; 2 FADH2 |
| What products are needed to start the CAC | two Carbon Acetyl CoA and four carbon oxaloacetate yields a 6 carbon citrate |
| Which reactions of the CAC involve oxidative decarboxylation | 3 AND 4 |
| how many molecules of ATP are produced when one NADH is oxidized in the ETC? | 2.5 ATP MOLECULES |
| how many molecules ATP are produced when one FADH2 is oxidized in the ETC | 1.5 ATP MOLECULES |
| the synthesis of ATP using the energy from hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 that enter electron transport to produce a hydrogen ion gradient | WHAT IS MEANT BY OXIDATIVE PHOSPHYLATION |
| according to the chemiosmotic theory, how does the proton gradient provide energy to synthesize ATP? | LINKS ENERGY FROM ELECTRON TRANSPORT TO A HYDROGEN ION GRADIENT THAT DRIVES THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP |
| What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with Glucose ---> 2 pyruvate | 5 ATP |
| What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with NADH ---> NAD+ | 2.5 ATP |
| What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with 2 Pyruvate --> 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 CO2 | 5 ATP |
| What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with acetyl-CoA --2CO2 (CAC) | 10 ATP |
| What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with FADH2 --> FAD | 1.5 ATP |
| What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with glucose + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O | 20 ATP |
| What is the energy yield in ATP molecules associated with CAC combined with ETC (ELECTRON TRANSPORT) | 32 ATP |
| There are no reactions in the CAC that use oxygen. Why does the cycle operate only in aerobic conditions? | NAD+ and FAD CANNOT BE REGENERATED IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN |
| Order of electron transport | NADH--> COENZYME Q--> CYTOCHROME C (Fe3+) --> O2 |
| Where is ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation located in the cell? | MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE |
| Why do H+ leave the intermembrane space and return to the matrix of the mitochondrion? | TO EQUALIZE THE PH AND THE CHARGE BETWEEN THE MATRIX AND INTERMEMBRANE SPACE |
| Why do the enzyme complexes that pump H+ extend across the mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space? | THIS ALLOWS CHEMIOSMOSIS TO OCCUR IN FORMATION OF ATP |
| what is the main function of CAC in energy production | PRODUCE HIGH ENERGY COMPOUNDS LIKE FADH2 AND NADH FOR ATP SYNTHESIS |
| Reduction | Gaining electrons |
| Oxidation | losing electrons |
| All enzymes in the citric acid cycle are what type of enzymes | allosteric |
| These increase the rate of the CAC | high levels of ADP; low levels NADH and ATP |
| This inhibits the rate of CAC | high levels of NADH, or ATP |
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | NAD+ |
| flavin adenine dinucleotide | FAD |
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate | NADPH |
| How can glycerol be used to synthesize glucose | GLYCEROL IS CONVERTED TO DIHYDROXYACETONE WHICH IS AN INTERMEDIATE IN GLUCONEOGENSIS |
| Beta Oxidation occurs in the | mitochondria matrix |
| Where in the cell is fatty acid synthesized | cytosol |
| what is function of carnatine in Beta oxidation | "CARNATINE SHUTTLE” FACILITATES THE TRANSPORT OF LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS FROM CYTOSOL TO MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX WHERE THEY CAN BE OXIDIZED |
| what coenzymes are required for beta oxidation | FAD, NAD+ AND HS-CoA |
| when does isomerization occur during the beta oxidation of a fatty acid | IN REACTION 2 ISOMERIZATION PROVIDES THE "TRANS" DOUBLE BOND NEEDED FOR HYDRATION OF UNSATURATED FATS |
| why is the energy of fatty acid activation from ATP to AMP considered the same as hydrolysis of 2 ATP ---> 2 ADP | THE HYDROLYSIS OF ATP TO AMP INVOLVES HYDROLYSIS OF ATP TO ADP, AND THEN ADP TO AMP WHICH PROVIDES THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS HYDROLYSIS OF 2 ATP TO 2 ADP |
| what is the number of ATP molecules obtained from each acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle | 10 ATP |
| ketoacidosis | LOWERS BLOOD pH, BLOOD BECOMES MORE ACIDIC, CARRIES LESS OXYGEN AND CAUSES BREATHING DIFFICULTIES |
| isomerization ________ require energy | DOES NOT |
| protein turnover | PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN OLD PROTEIN AND SYNTHESIZING NEW PROTEINS |
| transamination | TRANSFER OF AN AMINO GROUP FROM AN AMINO ACID TO AN ALPHA-KETO ACID |
| urea cycle | PROCESS BY WHICH AMMONIUM IONS FROM DEGRADATION OF AMINO ACIDS ARE CONVERTED TO UREA TO BE EXCRETED BY KIDNEYS |
| oxidative deamination | LOSS OF AMMONIUM ION WHEN GLUTAMATE IS DEGRADED TO ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE |
| ketosis | HIGH LEVELS OF KETONE BODIES CANNOT BE METABOLIZED LEADS TO KETOACIDOSIS AND LOWERING OF BLOOD pH |
| protein digestion | BEGINS IN STOMACH AND COMPLETED IN SAMLL INTESTINE |
| pepsin | ENZYME WHICH HYDROLYZES PEPTIDE BONDS CHANGING PROTEINS TO POLYPEPTIDES IN STOMACH |
| trypsin and chymotrypsin | ENZYMES COMPLETE HYDROLYSIS OF POLYPEPTIDES INTO AMINO ACIDS IN SMALL INTESTINE |
