| A | B |
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| The Enlightenment in 18 century Europe was | a movement in which thinkers applied principles of reason and scientific method to all society. |
| The social contract is | the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights to create a government. |
| Locke said all people are born with natural rights | which are life, liberty, and property. |
| Separation of powers means | giving executive, legislative, and judicial powers of government to different groups of officials. |
| American Revolution from April 19, 1775 to 1781 was | when America fought to gain political independence from Britain. |
| In a representative government, citizens | elect representatives to government to make laws and policies for them. |
| The French Revolution was a political and social upheaval | that began in 1789 in France and ended in the overthrow of the monarchy. |
| The United Nations or U.N. is | an international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to provide security to the nations of the world. |
| In a federal system powers of government are divided | between the central or federal government and state governments. |
| James Madison, the father of the Constitution, planned | 3 branches of government and the federal system for the U.S. Constitution. |
| John Locke thought | people use reason and experience to learn and understand the universe. |
| Rousseau believed | ligitimate government came from the consent of the governed. |
| Montesquieu said government could protect liberty if | powers of government were separated among 3 branches. |
| Voltaire advocated | tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech. |
| Thomas Hobbes thought an absolute ruler was good | because he could keep order among unruly people. |
| Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were | monarchs in France when the French Revolution started. |
| The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen | guaranteed rights and freedoms to all French people. |
| The French National Assembly ended | feudalism, redistributed Church land, and set up a court system. |
| During the French Revolution, absolute monarchs outside of France | attacked France so democratic ideas would not spread. |
| After the Reign of Terror, Napoleon | ruled France as a dictator. |
| The Enlightenment was and 18th century philosophical movement | built off the achievements of Scientific Revolution. |
| Philosophes or Enlightenment philosophers | applied scientific method and reason to social problems to make a better society. |
| Baron de Montesquieu in the Spirit of the Laws (1748) | said separation of powers controlled by checks and balances gives greatest freedom and security for the state. |
| Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations | said government had only three functions: protecting society from invasion, defending citizens from injustice and maintaining public works. |
| Physiocrats and Adam Smith | wanted people to pursue their self interest and then all society would benefit. |
| Laissez-faire doctrine of the Physiocrats and Adam Smith | stated that government should not interfere with natural economic processes by imposing regulations. |
| Cesare Beccaria in On Crimes and Pusnishments | argued against brutality and capital punishment. |
| In his 28 volume Encyclopedia, Denis Diderot | collected knowledge and argued for religious toleration and social improvements to make society more humane. |
| Salons, gatherings in the homes of the wealthy, | allowed nobles, thinkers, artists and government officials to discuss philosophical ideas. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft in A vindication of the Rights of Women | argued that women are rations and should have the same rights as men in education, economic and political life. |
| Thomas Jefferson and James Madison | were influenced by Locke's Two Treatises of Government. |
| Magazines for the general public | were first published in London in 1702. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract | presented the idea of a social contract in which members of society agree to be governed by the general will, what is best for all of society. |
| That emotion and reason were both important to human development | was a viewpoint of Rousseau that was unlike the views of most Enlightenment thinkers. |
| Enlightenment thinkers used methods of science to discover natural laws and | created social sciences such as economics and political science. |
| Voltaire or Francois-Marie Arouet | criticized Christianity, believed in religious toleration, and championed deism. |
| In deism, a religious philosophy, the world | was like a clock that God created and set with natural laws; it ran without God's intervention. |
