| A | B |
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| endocrine system sends messages by | way of chemical messengers called hormones |
| hormones | secreted from endocrine gland cells into theblood and distributed by the circulatory system |
| endocrine glands | secrete hormones directly into the blood, because they have no duct system |
| glands of the system are often called | ductless glands |
| cells that are affected by the hormone are referred to as | target organ cells |
| hormone producing glands include | hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads |
| hypothalamus | structure in the brain, synthesizes chemicals that are secreted to the pituitary gland to stimulate the release of its hormones and to help regulate body temperature |
| pituitary gland | small, pea-sized at the base of the brain in the sella trucica, saddle-shape depression of the shenoid bone |
| master gland of the body | the pituitary gland is known as |
| pituitary gland consist of two separate glands known as | anterior and posterior pituitary gland |
| anterior pituitary gland important role in | influencing body functions |
| somatotropin | the growth hormone |
| overproduction of somatotropin causes | giantism |
| lack of somatotropin causes | dwarfism |
| an overporduction of somatotropin after the growth years causes | acromeagly, characterized by abnormally large hands, feet and jaw |
| thyrotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone | influences the growth, development, and secreting activities of the thyroid gland |
| gonadotropin | influences the gonads and is essential for normal develpment and functioning of both male and female reproductive systems |
| adrenocorticotropin hormoneacts primarily on | adrenal cortex, stimulating its growth and its secretion of corticosteroids. |
| corticosteroids hormone | affect every cell in the body and are discussed in more detail later in this section |
| poosterior pituitary gland has two hormones | antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones |
| andidiuretic hormone | promotes conservation of water by the kidneys |
| diabetes insipidus | when antidiuretic hormone is not produced in adequate amount , the daily urine volume is between 10 and 15 liters instead of the normal 1.5 liters |
| oxytocin stimulates | contracion of the muscles of the uterus, particularly during pregnancy, important in production of milk in the mamary glands |
| thyroid gland shape | butterly |
| thyroid gland located | anterior part of the neck, below the larynx |
| thyroid gland consists of how many lobes | two lobes, one on each side of the upper trachea, connected by a strip of tissue called isthmus |
| thyroid secretes | iodine containing hormone thyroxin, controls the rate of cell metabolism |
| hyperthyroidism | excessive secretion of thyroxin raises the metabolic rate |
| hyperthyroidism characterized by | fast pulse rate, dizziness, increased basal metabolism, profuse sweating, tremors, nervousness, and tremendous appetite coupled with a loss of weight |
| simple goiter | diffuse and painless enlargement of the thyroid gland, enlarges to compensate for the lack of iodine |
| hypothyroidism | insufficient secretion of thyroxin |
| in hypothyroidism pt exhibits | decrease in basal metabolism, and sweating is almost absent, weight gain, sonstant fatigue, heart rate slow, simple goiter may fom, personality changess, slow lethargic mental functioning |
| hypothyroidism during childhood can lead to | cretinism, condition characterized by retarded mental and physical development |
| parathyroid glands four small round bodyies located | posterior to the thyroid gland |
| parathyroid glands produce | parathormone hormone, regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones |
| diminished function or removal of parathyroid glands results in | a low calcium level in the blood, extreme cases death may occur preceded by strong contraction of the muscles and convulsions |
| hyperparathyroidism | parathyroid homone in the blood, causes calcium levels in the blood to become elevated by the withdrawal of calcium from the bones, leaving the skeleton demineralized and subject to spontaneous fractues |
| in hyperparathyroidism theexcess calcium may be deposited as | stones in the kidneys |
| adrenal glands located on | superior surface ofeach kidney, fitting like a cap |
| adrenal gland outer portion and inner portion are known as | cortex, and medulla |
| adrenal cortex | produce three types of steroid hormones, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens |
| mineralocorticoids | regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance. AKA salt and water hormones |
| glucocorticoids | essential to metabolism, increase certain liver functions have anti-inflammatory effect |
| androgens and estrogens | sex hormones, male androgens, female estrogens |
| adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine adrenalin |
| heart rate, respiration rate and depth, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and metabolism are all increased by | epinephrine |
| norpinephrine | produced in adrenal medulla, chemical precursor to epinephrine |
| pancreas | two types of secretory tissues, first secretes digestive juice through a duct to the small intestine, while the other tissue releases hormones into body fluids |
| the endocrine portion of the pancreas | consist of celss arranged in groups called the island (islets) of langerhans |
| the islands of langerhans contain three types of endocrine cells | alpha, beta, and delta |
| alpha cells | secrete the hormone glucagon |
| glucagon | temporary rise in blood sugar levels |
| beta cells | secrete insulin, which is essential for carbohydrate metabloism |
| insulin | lowers blood sugar levels by increasing tissue utilization of glucose and stimulating the formation and storage of glycogen in the liver |
| delta cells | produce the hormone somatostatin |
| somatostatin | helps regulate carbohydrates by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon |
| diabetes mellitus | islet cells are destroyed or stop functioning, the sugar absorbed from the intestine remians inthe blood and excess sugar is excreted by the kidneys into the urine |
| gonads | sex organs of the reproductive system |
| testes | male gonads, produce male hormone testosterone |
| accessory sex organs | internal and external sex organs for males |
| male secondary sex characteristics | hair growht on face, chest, axillary, and pubic region, elargement of larynx, (adam's apple), lower-pitched voice, thickening of the skin, increased muscle growth, broadening of shoudler and narrowing of waist, thickening and strengthening of bones |
| female gonads | ovaries, produce estrogen and progesterone |
| estrogen | maintenance of female accessory sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, changes mucous lining of uterus during mensturation |
| progesterone | prepares uterus for reception and development of the fertilized ovum and maintains the lining during pregnancy |
| female secondary sex characteristics | develpment of breast, mammary glands, increased quantities of fatty tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks, increased vascularization of the skin |
