| A | B |
|---|
| Genotype | Set of genes (alleles) an organism carries |
| Phenotype | All physical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics of an organism |
| Gene Pool | consists of all the genes that are present in a population |
| Allele Frequency | The number of time an allele occurs in the gene pool |
| For population to evolve, allele frequency must | change |
| 3 Sources of Genetic Variation | Mutation, Genetic Recombination, & lateral gene transfer |
| In sexually-reproducing organisms, most variation is due to | Genetic Recombination during sexual reproduction |
| Single-gene Traits | a trait controlled by only 1 gene, has 2 alleles and 2 phenotypes |
| Polygenic Traits | traits that are controlled by 2 or more genes, give a range of phenotypes |
| Example of single-gene trait | hitchhiker's thumb, widow's peak, 2nd toe longer than first |
| Example of polygenic traits | hair color, eye color, height, body mass, skin tone |
| Natural Selection | determines if the frequency of a mutation will increase in a population |
| Genetic Equilibrium | When a population doesn't evolve and allele frequencies don't change |
| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | Says that population should remain in genetic equilibrium unless 1 of 5 things happen |
| 5 fingers of evolution | small population size, nonrandom mating, mutation, movement in or out, natural selection |
| Speciation | the formation of a new species; 2 organisms cannot breed and produce fertile offspring |
| Behavioral Isolation | 2 populations develop differences in courtship rituals (ex: different bird songs) |
| Geographic Isolation | When 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers such as lakes, rivers, or mountains |
| Temporal Isolation | When 2 or more species reproduce at different times |
| The Grants' noticed about the galapagos finches | that availability of food increased beak sizes, causing directional selection |
| Steps that lead to speciation | Founders arrive, geographic isolation, changes in gene pools, behavioral isolation, competition and continued evolution |
