| A | B |
|---|
| frescoes | decorated many Minoan homes |
| Thales | first Greek philosopher |
| Socratic method | "Know the truth." |
| rhetoric | making public speeches |
| tyrant | aristocrat Peisistratus manipulated public opinion to become this |
| the king | final source of law in the Persian Empire |
| Zeus | god the Olympic games honored |
| Delian League | formed because of need to ensure mutual defense against the Persians |
| phalanx | fighting formation of heavily armed Greek infantrymen |
| Minoan | civilization weakened by a volcanic eruption |
| Pythagoras | Greek who said the universe could be understood mathematically |
| Knossos | famous Minoan palace complex |
| Epicureanists | believed to eliminate fears that made people unhappy, people should avoid pain and pursue pleasure |
| outcome of the Peloponnesian War | reduction of Athens to a second-rate power in Greece |
| Skeptics | believed sure knowledge was impossible and that happiness was to resign onesself to idea that one could never know how things really are |
| Parthenon, Acropolis | examples of Greek successes in architecture |
| Homer | author of "Illiad" and "Odyssey" |
| Socrates | questioned everything; forced to drink poison |
| Alexander the Great | young man trained by father in arts of war and tutored by Aristotle |
| earthquakes | natural disaster that contributed to decline of Mycenaeans |
| overcrowding and disease in Athens | results of siege of Athens by Sparta during Peloponnesian War |
| meaning of human existencd | focus of Greek theatrical plays and choruses |
| qanats | long underground canals in Indo-Iranian society |
| Zeus | ruler of Greek gods |
| Isocrates | orator who warned against joining with Persians, suggested Pan-Hellenism |
| daric | gold coin of Imperial Persia |
| polis | primary center of Greek social and political organization |
| oases | areas in desert where water surfaces |
| Apollo | god the oracle at Delphi was sacred to |
| Council of Five Hundred | government body Cleisthenes selected a different tribe each month to head |
| Trojan War | last great Mycenean enterprise |
| Archilochus and Sappho | lyric poets |
| ages 20-30 | age all Spartan men were full-time soldiers |
| Thucydides | wrote "History of the Peloponnesian War" in which he focused on how human choices affected the war |
| Darius I | used Imperial Agents as his "eyes and ears" |
| Aristotle | Plato's pupil, Alexander's tutor, first to classify |
| Herophilus | concluded the brain was center of human nervous system |
| Persian Wars | sparked by a Greek revolt over rise in taxes |
| helots | Spartan state slaves |
| hubris | pride |
| Euripides and Aeschylus | wrote Greek tragedies |
| Hellenistic | a culture that combines Greek and Persian |
| Sophists | believed there was no absolute truth, all truth was relative |
| result of Battle of Marathon | a minor setback for the Persian Empire |
| Ahura Mazda | one true god of Zoroastrianism |
| Euclid | formalized fundmental truths of geometry in "Elements" |
| Stoicists | believed universe was guided by organizing principle of divine reason; all humans had spark of it in souls |
| Myron | sculpted "Discus Thrower" as dedication to excellence in human competition |
| grapes and olives | crops around which Aegean societies were built |
| Plato | Socrates' pupil; established the Academy and wrote "The Republic" |
| demagogues | people who used their skills of oratory, or speech-making to sway crowds |
| "Illiad" and "Odysses" | our best view of Mycenaean life |
| Aristophanes | wrote Greek comedies |
| Pericles | architect of Athen's Golden Age |
| Acropolis | defensible fortification around which Greek polis was built |
| Solon | abolisted enslavement for debt |
| Demosthenes | Athenian orator who encouraged Greeks to unite against Philip |
| theory of Forms | man is made up of 2 parts--body and soul; through reincarnation, both will eventually unite |
| Cleisthenes | created Council of Five Hundred |
| Pindar | Greek poet who wrote victory odes |
| Cyrus II | founder of Achaemenid dynasty |
| judicial system during Age of Pericles | in hands of the citizens |
| Protagoras | Sophist who wrote "Truth" |
| Parmenides | established formal logic |
| agora | marketplace located within city walls of polis |
| wealth | what Solon based Athenian citizenship on |
| hoplites | Greek heavily armed infantrymen |
| Medes | joined Persians in creating one of largest empires in history |
| result of Delian League | Athens became extremely rich and powerful |
| Athens and Sparta | city-states between whom the Peloponnesian War was primarily fought |
| Cynics | scorned pleasure, wealth, social responsibility, etc., believed happiness was through fulfilling natural needs |
| land for agriculture | primary motive for Greek colonization |
| Sparta | city-state known for military training |
| Democritus | philosopher who suggested universe consists of infinite number of atoms |
| Eratosthenes | applied math to figure circumference of globe with remarkable accuracy |
