| A | B |
|---|
| longbow | extremely forceful weapon used by the English to win battles against the larger French armies during the Hundred Years War |
| Battle of Agincourt | part of the Hundred Years War in 1415, in which the smaller English army defeated a much larger French force, killing 10,000 Frenchmen |
| Joan of Arc | said to have received a mandate from God to drive the English out of France. She was granted titular command of an army which quickly lifted the siege of Orléans. She was put on trial, executed, and later declared innocent after her death |
| Siege of Orléans | During Hundred Years War, English were driven out of France by the French (led by Joan of Arc) |
| Parliament | government of England, made up of the House of Lords (higher court), and the House of Commons (lower court). Served as a model for modern day representation. English Parliament endured when other 15th c. representative assemblies declined. |
| Babylonian Captivity (Avignon Papacy) | the Pope was living at Avignon and was thus subjected to French rule. Badly damaged the power of the Papacy, and left Rome in poverty. Papacy brought back to Rome, but Urban ruined prestige in his efforts to reform the church. New Pope elected: Clement (while Urban was still the Pope) |
| Catherine of Sienna | Dominican mystic who persuaded the Avignon pope to return to Rome |
| Great Schism | 2 Popes claimed legitimacy: Urban in Rome (recognized by England and Germany), and Clement, the antipope, in Avignon (recognized by France). |
| Conciliar Movement | Conciliarists believed that church power rested in councils of the people, NOT the Pope. Many church reformers rose from this movement. |
| Marsiglio-Defensor Pacis | Conciliarist who wrote in Defensor Pacis that the church was subordinate to the state, and councils NOT the Pope should rule the church. |
| John Wyclif- Lollards | Radical Conciliarist who attacked papal authority, said that the church shouldn't own property, and said Christians should read the Bible for themselves- **First English translation of the Bible.** Lollards were his followers. |
| Council of Constance | met to: end the Great Schism by electing a new Pope- Martin (who later dissolved the council), reform the church, and wipe out heresy. |
