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Java Games: Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. |
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Ch. 12 & 13 Flashcards #25-36
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| Jan Hus | Czech reformer burned at the stake as a result of the Council of Constance. Hus disputed papal authority, denounced abuses, and approved utraquism (the reception of the Eucharist under both bread and wine), defended transubstantiation (the idea that bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus Christ), and insisted church authority rest on Scripture, conscience, and tradition. |
| merchet | The sum commonly paid by a serf to his lord when the serf's daughter marries a man from another manor. |
| fur-collar crime | A crime committed by nobility, often to raise money after the Hundred Years' War. These were usually crimes in which the nobles used their social status to rob from the weak. They then corrupted the judicial process with their power. They would terrorize witnesses, threaten jurors, and bribe judges to get away with their crimes. |
| Jacquerie | 1358, revolt of the French peasantry. The uprising was in part a reaction to widespread poverty during the Hundred Years War. Peasants revolted against the écorcheurs (mercenaries who fought in the war), who pillaged their land, and the nobles, who made extortionate demands but did not protect them. Beginning around Beauvais, north of Paris, the revolt spread over a wide area; castles were demolished, provisions stolen, and other violent acts committed. The leader, Guillaume Karle (or Cale), was captured and beheaded by Charles II of Navarre, and the mob was easily dispersed. The nobles took revenge by massacring thousands of the insurgents. |
| Peasant's Revolt of 1381 | Serfs, tired of poor treatment at the hands of their lords, became inspired by the speeches of John Ball, who opposed feudalism who was frequently arrested. On Wednesday, June 12, inspired by John Ball, the rebels, led by Ball, Wat Tyler, and Jack Straw, invited King Richard II to parlay on the outskirts of the city. In two meetings Richard tricked the rebels with lies. He agreed to a charter insuring peasant rights, calmed them with false promises, and then when Tyler and the other leaders' guard was down, killed them and crushed the rebellion with great cruelty. Isolated disturbances continued for the next several years and the fear of more revolt served as a warning to the ruling class. Gradually, grudgingly, they permitted improvements in the lives of the peasants. |
| vernacular languages | Vernacular language in writing and song became more popular, as readers became more literate and demanded literature they could understand. The consolidation of monarchies along with the decrease in papal authority led people to identify themselves more often as members of their country, rather than Christians living in Christendom. This increased nationalism also helped the popularity of vernacular languages to rise. Lastly, the printing press allowing for reproductions of a single document made literature more popular, and vernacular languages overtook Latin in popularity. |
| Dante Alighieri & The Divine Comedy | Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), Italy's greatest poet, who popularized the use of everyday conversational Italian in literary works. Before his time, most literary works in Italy were written in Latin. The Divine Comedy was a trip through Hell, Heaven, and Purgatory by Dante the Pilgrim, led by Virgil. It created a physical map and location of each of the three areas. |
| Geoffrey Chaucher, The Canterbury Tales | Chaucer’s most famous work, the Canterbury Tales (written in the late 1380s), is a collection of stories of various kinds derived mainly from Italian and other European sources drawn together by the notion of a pilgrimage. So we hear firstly the narrator’s description of most of the group in a satirical and often extremely amusing manner, in the General Prologue. Secondly we hear pilgrims tell stories to each other in an appropriate style for their characters after they have offered their own unique prologues (the Wife of Bath’s is particularly interesting and shows an almost proto-feminist attitude). There is a great mixture of serious and comical, sacred and profane here though it should be noted that the writer added a retraction at the end of his (in fact incomplete) Tales to reduce the chance of vengeance from God. Geoffrey Chaucer is known as the first author to popularize the use of the English language in literature. |
| Francois Villon | pseudonym of François De Montcorbier, or François Des Loges one of the greatest French lyric poets. He was known for his life of criminal excess, spending much time in prison or in banishment from medieval Paris. His chief works include Le Lais, or Le Petit Testament, Le Grand Testament, and various ballades, chansons, and rondeaux. |
| Christine de Pisan | 1364–c. 1430, French poet, of Italian descent. She wrote many verse romances and works in prose, as well as the lyric poems for which she is most famous. Remarkable in character and learning, Christine sought to express the dignity of woman. Her writings include Le Livre des fais d'armes et de chevalerie, first translated and printed by Caxton as The Book of Fayttes of Armes and of Chivalrye (1489; new ed. 1932) and Le Livre du duc des vrais amans (tr. The Book of the Duke of True Lovers, 1908). She was the first woman to earn her living in France as a writer. |
| Renaissance | "Renaissance," French for "rebirth," perfectly describes the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries. During the era known by this name, Europe emerged from the economic stagnation of the Middle Ages and experienced a time of financial growth. Also, and perhaps most importantly, the Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions. |
| popolo | A group of disenfranchised, heavily taxed citizens who wanted places in the communal government and equality of taxation. The popoul used armed force and vioelnce to take over the city governments. Republican governments were established in Bologna, Siena, Parma, Florence, Genoa, and other cities. The victory was temporary, however, because the popola practiced the same exclusivity as the noblility the fought against, and never won support of other groups. They could not establish civil order, and by 1300 signori and oligarchies were established everywhere in Italy. |
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