| A | B |
|---|
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information |
| Flashbulb Memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system, for example by extracting meaning |
| Storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| Retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| Long-Term Memory | the realtively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| Short-Term Memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
| Effortful Processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Rehearsal | the conscious repitition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| Spacing Effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Serial Position Effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| Sematic Encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| Acoustic Encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
| Visual Encoding | the encoding of picture images |
| Imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with sematic encoding |
| Mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| Sensory Memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Iconic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Echoic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Long-Term Potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| Amnesia | the loss of memory |
| Implicit Memory | retention without conscious recollection (of skills and dispositions). (Also called memdeclarative memory.) |
| Explicit Memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) |
| Hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
| Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only indentify items previously learned, as on multiple-choice test |
| Relearning | a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when relearning previously learned information |
| Priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| Deja Vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this befor." Cues from the current siruation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| Proactive Interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive Interference | the distruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Repression | in psychoanalytic theory, teh basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories fromk consciousness |
| Misinformation Effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Source Amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heared about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories |
