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| Operating Systems (OS) are software programs that | control thousands of operations, provide an interface between the user and the computer, and run applications. |
| An OS is designed to control | the operations of programs |
| Computers that are designed for individual users are called | personal computers or PCs |
| network servers | Computers that are capable of handling concurrent users and multiple jobs |
| Network Operating Systems (NOS) | Server's operating systems |
| The three basic elements that make up the major design components of any operating system | User interface, Kernel, File management system |
| User interface | the part of the operating system that a person can use to issue commands |
| Kernel | the core of the OS, responsible for loading and running programs (processes) and for managing input and output |
| File management system | what the OS uses to organize and manage files. |
| A file | a collection of data given a single logical name |
| Virtually all the information that a computer stores is in the form of a | file |
| types of files | program files, data files, text files, |
| The way an OS organizes information into files | the file system |
| Most operating systems use a hierarchical file system in which files are organized into | directories under a tree structure. |
| The beginning of the directory system is referred to as the | root directory |
| operating system's basic functions | File and folder management, Management of applications, Support for built-in utility programs, Access control to computer's hardware |
| When a file is saved, the operating system | saves it, attaches to it a name, and remembers where it put the file for future use. |
| When a user requests a program, the operating system | locates the application and loads it into the computer's primary memory or RAM |
| Utility programs are programs that the OS uses to | maintain and repair itself, identify problems, locate lost files, repair damaged files, and backup data. |
| The OS sits between the programs and the | Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). |
| The BIOS does the actual | hardware control |
| All programs that need hardware resources must first go through the | operating system. |
| The OS can either access the hardware through the | BIOS or through the device drivers |
| Windows 2000 NOS bypasses the system BIOS and controls the | hardware directly |
| All programs are written for a specific | operating system. |
| Windows-based PCs use a Graphical User Interface (GUI) as the interface between the | computer and the user. |
| Windows NT, 2000 and XP are operating systems that were designed to support | multiple (concurrent) users and to run applications simultaneously. |
| The latest release of the Macintosh Operating System, OS X, is highly functional and is based on | UNIX as its core technology |
| One of the most recent Unix based operating systems is the extremely popular | Linux |
| proprietary operating systems, meaning that | they must be purchased |
| proprietary operating systems | Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh operating systems |
